Introduction to World Civilization
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Transcript of Introduction to World Civilization
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WORLD CIVILIZATION
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD CIVILIZATION
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Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
What had shaped human society?Origin of man?How did the changes in environment, technology affect man’s lifeEffect of changes?
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Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
History of Humanity involves two levels of struggle
Human & nature Humans against Human
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Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Struggle explained through history of origin of man- Theories of origin of man
Creation Theory• Bible and Quran
Scientific Evolution• Theory explain that the origin of human kind traced
back in Africa• Apes and human have a common ancestor- Hominids• Influence of natural selection
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Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Zinjanthropus (1.8m) – discovered in Olduvai GorgeAustralopithecus (4.4m), Afar, EthiopiaKenyapithecus (2.5)- BaringoHomo Habilis & Sapiens- (2m) Lake Turkana L. Chad- Michael Brunet- Saheln
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Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Human development involves:Interaction between culture & biology
Culture evolutionRefers to continuous growth of culture from simple to complex & to homogenous to heterogeneous• Material culture• Linguistics
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Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Paleolithic Age:Characterized by hunting, gatheringshelter- caves- cold seasonsSocial organization- lived in groups
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Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Neolithic revolution most important aspect of human cultural development
- refers to transition from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture & settlement
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Introduction: Tracing History of Humanity
Neolithic revolution most important aspect of human cultural development
- refers to transition from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture & settlementMarked by village settlement, domestication & new implements
•Adoption of farming techniques•Crop cultivation•Domestication of animals
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Introduction: Impact of Neolithic revolution
Property ownershipSlavery systemIncrease in food productionIncrease in populationAdoption of farming techniquesCrop cultivation
Domestication of animals & plantsCivilization
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Introduction: Impact of Neolithic revolution
Domestication of animals & plantsTame, to train or to adopt an animal or plant to live or be of use to human beingTaming- short term, no evolution of intimate relationship no human intervention with natural breeding
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Introduction: Early Civilizations
Civilization:Acceptable forms of behavior- EurocentricLatin word- ‘civis’ or townman or citizenCivilization refers to a complex society or a state-level societyRefers social organization based on existence of institutions
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Characteristics of Civilization
Settlement led to accumulation of property and individual land ownership
Hence laws, states & armies were developed to protect possession & inequality
Intense agricultural techniques- crop rotation, use of human labor, irrigationDivision of laborRise of permanent settlements- citiesRise of a form f social organizations
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Characteristics of CivilizationInstitutionalized control of food by ruling class, government or bureaucracyEstablishment of complex social institutions- religion, educationDevelopment of forms of economic exchanges
Expansion of trade leading to money Market
Accumulation of materialsDevelopment of technologiesAdvanced development of arts especially writing Religion
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Characteristics of Civilization
ArchitecturePatriachical society
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Sources of Pre-history
Primary:Archaeology – study, observation, recording & experimentation
• Carbon 14- not older than 50000
AnthropologyOral sourcesGeology- development of earth crust with successive floras & faunasPaleontology- study of fossils- bones, teeth
Written- secondary
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Sources of Pre-history
Dating:Based on Christian calendar- Zero year (Birth of Christ)BCE or BC- used until 4th c ADAfter 4th AD- new system of dating adopted- BP or BCE