Introduction to Transmission Line Pulse - Thermo … Background •Characterization of protection...
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Transcript of Introduction to Transmission Line Pulse - Thermo … Background •Characterization of protection...
Introduction to
Transmission Line Pulse
(TLP)
2
Overview
1. What is TLP
2. How TLP works
3. TLP measurement
4. TLP variants
5. Interpreting TLP data
6. TLP Precision
7. VF-TLP
8. Q&A
3
History
• Transmission Line Pulse
• Introduced as a possible method to emulate energy in HBM
• Determined that for a given peak current, a TLP pulse of 100ns
carries the same energy as HBM
• Same energy is produced by different voltages:
50V TLP = 1A
1500V HBM = 1A
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
4
Background
• Characterization of protection structures is important
• Predict behavior for real world events
• Important parameters:
• Snapback voltage
• Turn on time
• RON resistance
• Failure point
• Must determine parameters with techniques similar to ESD
• TLP is an excellent solution
• Controlled impedance makes measurements easier
• Low duty cycle prevents heating
5
Section 1
What is TLP
6
Section 1: What is TLP
• What makes TLP different than ESD?
• ESD tests simulate real world events
• HBM, MM, IEC, CDM
• ESD tests record failure level
• “Qualification”
• TLP does not simulate any real-world event
• TLP tests record failure level and device behavior
• “Characterization”
TLP Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T ime (ns)
Volt
age
7
Section 1: Device Characterization
What is Device Characterization?
• Describes the resistance of a device for a given stimulus
• Resistance = Voltage / Current
• Conventionally performed by increasing amplitude until failure
• Like Curve Tracing -0.1
0.4
0.9
1.4
1.9
2.4
2.9
0 5 10 15
VD U T (V)
I DU
T (
A)
8
Section 1: Device Characterization
How is TLP different than Curve Tracing?
• Curve Tracing is DC • TLP is a short pulse
• Shorter pulse
• Reduced duty cycle, less heating
• Controlled Impedance
• Allows device behavior to be observed (more on this later)
Time
Vo
lta
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T ime
Vo
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9
Section 1: Device Characterization
• How is TLP the same as Curve Tracing?
• Measure resistance of device with increasing voltage
• Less heat means higher voltage before failure
DC Curve Trace TLP
Time
Vo
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T ime
Vo
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10
Section 1: Device Characterization
• What can I learn from Device Characterization with TLP?
• Turn-on time
• Snapback voltage
• Performance changes with rise time 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VDUT (V)
I DU
T (
A)
11
Section 1: TLP Waveforms
What does a TLP waveform look
like?
TLP Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T ime (ns)
Volt
age
• Square pulse
• Unlike ESD waveforms, TLP does not
mimic any real world event
HBM Waveform MM Waveform
12
TLP Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)V
olt
ag
e
TLP Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Vo
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Section 1: TLP Waveforms
What variations are there for TLP waveforms?
• Pulse Width
• 100ns
• 30ns – 500ns
• VF-TLP: 1ns – 10ns
TLP Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T ime (ns)
Volt
age
Pulse Width
• Rise Time
• 0.2ns – 10ns
Rise Time Rise Time
13
Section 1: TLP Waveforms
How do these variations affect
the TLP test?
• Pulse Width
• Energy under the curve
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
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Pulse Width
• Rise Time
• Device reaction
-20 0 20
Time (ns)
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Rise Time
14
Section 1: Devices for TLP Testing
• What kinds of packages can be tested?
• Package Level
• Wafer Level
15
Section 2
How TLP Works
• How TLP pulses are generated
16
Section 2: How TLP Works
• How is a TLP waveform generated?
• Transmission Line connected to power supply
• Called Charge Line
• Length proportional
to pulse width
• Power supply charges the cable
17
Section 2: How TLP Works
• How is a TLP waveform generated?
• DUT lies at end of another transmission line
• Switch closes
• Charge exits Charge Line, propagates towards DUT
18
Section 2: How TLP Works
How is a TLP waveform generated?
• Square waveform
• Charge Line behaves as a storage device
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Vo
lta
ge
19
Section 2: How TLP Works
• What happens when the waveform hits the DUT?
• Recap: TLP is a short-duration pulse in a controlled-impedance environment
• Behaves like an RF signal
• RF signal behavior
• Propagates until impedance changes
20
Section 2: How TLP Works
• How is resistance measured with a TLP pulse?
• Square pulse, perceive it as a short-duration Curve Trace
• Voltage and Current probes measure the DUT
DC Curve Trace TLP
21
Section 2: How TLP Works
How is resistance measured with a TLP pulse?
Current Probe Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Cu
rre
nt
• Plateau of waveforms are averaged
• Device allowed to settle into “quasi-static” state
Voltage Probe Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Vo
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22
Section 2: How TLP Works
• Why use both a Voltage probe and a Current probe?
• It is possible to calculate DUT resistance with only 1 probe
• VDUT = VPulse – (IDUT * ZTLP)
• IDUT = (VPulse – VDUT) / ZTLP
• Not desirable because extremes are noisy
Current Probe Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Cu
rre
nt
Voltage Probe Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Volt
ag
e
23
Section 2: How TLP Works
Sequential TLP pulses produces an I/V Curve
Snapback Device
0
0 . 0 5
0 . 1
0 . 15
0 . 2
0 . 2 5
0 . 3
0 . 3 5
0 . 4
0 . 4 5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
Resistor
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
OPEN Circuit
- 0 . 1
0 . 4
0 . 9
1. 4
1. 9
0 5 10 15 2 0 2 5 3 0
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
SHORT Circuit
0
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
0 . 6
0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
24
Section 2: How TLP Works
• How is the Pulse Width changed?
• Length of cable
How is the Rise Time changed?
• Low-pass filter added
LP
25
Section 3
TLP Measurement
• How devices are measured
26
Section 3: TLP Measurement
• Measurement Goals
• Capture Voltage at the DUT
• Capture Current through the DUT
27
Section 3: TLP Measurement
• Equipment to capture V and I
Current Probe
Oscilloscope
Voltage Probe
28
Section 3: TLP Measurement
• Equipment to deliver TLP pulse to DUT
Package Level 1. DUT in socket
2. TLP Pulse delivery cable
3. Grounded pin
Wafer Level 1. DUT (on wafer)
2. TLP Pulse delivery cable
3. TLP Pulse delivery probe
4. Ground Probe
5. Ground Braid
1
2
3 4
5
3
29
Section 3: TLP Measurement
• Ideally, V and I probes are directly on DUT
• Direct placement not possible
V/I Probes
30
Section 3: TLP Measurement
• Although probes are not at DUT, measurements are possible
• Controlled impedance
• Waveform observable any place along path
• Time Domain Reflection (TDR)
V/I Probes
31
Section 3: TLP Measurement
• How are measurements accomplished away from DUT?
• Incident and Reflected waveforms
• Adding the waveforms reproduces DUT measurement
• Incident and Reflected waveforms are recorded separately (TDR-S)
V/I Probes
32
Section 3: TLP Measurement
Reflected
Waveform
Polarity
DUT Ω > ZTLP (Example: Open Circuit)
DUT Ω < ZTLP (Example: Short Circuit)
DUT Ω = ZTLP (Example: 50 Ω Resistor)
Voltage
Waveform
Current
Waveform
Positive Reflection
Positive Reflection
Negative Reflection
Negative Reflection
No Reflection
No Reflection
33
Section 3: TLP Measurement
• TDR-S performs waveform addition with software
V/I Probes
V/I Probes
Waveform addition can also be done in the TLP circuit
34
Section 3: TLP Measurement
• Overlapping waveforms
• Incident and Reflected overlap, add together
• Overlapped waveform plateau reproduces DUT waveform
V/I Probes
35
Section 4
TLP Variants
36
Section 4: Importance of Impedance
• Low Impedance
• More current flow for a given voltage
• More voltage amplitude
• High Impedance
• Less current flow for a given voltage
• Less voltage amplitude
Why vary the impedance?
37
Section 4: TLP Variants
• TLP circuit characteristics up to this point
• 50 Ω Impedance
• One stress-pin
• One ground-pin
• Variations alter the system impedance and grounding style
Pulser
D
U
T
Incident
Reflected
Absorbed V and I to
Scope
• Time Domain Reflection (TDR)
• TDR-O
• TDR-S
38
Section 4: TLP Variants
• Time Domain Transmission (TDT)
• 25Ω system impedance
Pulser
D
U
T
Scope Ch3
Incident
Reflected
Absorbed
Transmitted
V and I to
Scope
39
Section 4: TLP Variants
• Time Domain Reflection and Transmission (TDR-T)
• DUT in series with pulse transmission path
• 100Ω Impedance
Pulser
DUT
Scope Ch3
Incident
Reflected Absorption Transmitted
V and I to
Scope
40
Section 4: TLP Variants
• High-Z Time Domain Reflection and Transmission (TDR-T)
• DUT in series with pulse transmission path
• 500Ω, 1kΩ Impedance
Pulser
DUT
Scope Ch3
Incident
Reflected Absorption Transmitted
V and I to
Scope
High-Z Ω
41
Section 5
Interpreting TLP Data
42
Section 5: Interpreting TLP I/V Curves
• What information do TLP I/V
Curves provide?
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VD U T (V)
I DU
T (
A)
Voltage Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Vo
lta
ge
Current Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Cu
rre
nt
• What information do TLP
waveforms provide
43
Section 5: Interpreting TLP I/V Curves
• Device: Resistor
• Ω is constant no matter what
voltage is applied
Resistor
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VDUT (V)
I DU
T (
A)
44
Section 5: Interpreting TLP I/V Curves
• Device: Zener Diode
• Turn-on Voltage
• Breakdown Voltage
- 0 . 1
0
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
0 2 4 6 8 10
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
- 0 . 1
0
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
0 2 4 6 8 10
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
- 0 . 4
- 0 . 3 5
- 0 . 3
- 0 . 2 5
- 0 . 2
- 0 . 15
- 0 . 1
- 0 . 0 5
0
0 . 0 5
- 15 - 10 - 5 0
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
45
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VDUT (V)
I DU
T (
A)
Section 5: Interpreting TLP I/V Curves
• Device: Snapback Protection
Structure
1. Low Voltage TLP Pulses
• Open Circuit
2. Snapback Threshold
• Begins conducting current
1
3
3. On Resistance
4. Failure Level
• Peak Current
4
2
46
Section 5: Interpreting TLP Data
• How is failure detected?
• DC leakage test after
each TLP pulse
Begin Test Procedure
Stop
Apply stress pulse
to the DUT
Record Voltage &
Current waveforms
DC
Leakag
e test
Max
pulse
amplitud
e
reached?
Increase stress
pulse amplitude
PASS
FAIL
NO
YES
47
Section 5: Interpreting TLP Data
• How is failure detected?
TLP Pulser
SourceMeter, etc.
V & I to Scope
D
U
T
TLP Pulser
SourceMeter, etc.
V & I to Scope
D
U
T
48
Section 5: Interpreting TLP Data
• How is failure detected?
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (A
)
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
ILeakage (A)
IV Chart
Leakage (A)
• DC Leak Test
• Force 14V
• 10mA Compliance
• >9mA Failure
49
Section 5: Load Lines
• Precise amount of energy under curve
• Controlled impedance circuit
• Conservation of energy
• Pulsed = VDUT + (IDUT * ZTLP)
• For a given TLP Amplitude, the
measured V and I will always reside
on that Amplitude’s Load Line
IDUT
VDUT
Load Line
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Vo
lta
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50
VDUT
IDUT
Section 5: Load Lines
Open Circuit:
Short Circuit:
VPulse VDUT IDUT
50 50 0
100 100 0
150 150 0
200 200 0
250 250 0
VPulse VDUT IDUT
50 0 1
100 0 2
150 0 3
200 0 4
250 0 5
VDUT
IDUT
51
VDUT
IDUT
Section 5: Load Lines
50Ω Circuit:
Snapback Device:
VPulse VDUT IDUT
50 25 0.5
100 50 1
150 75 1.5
200 100 2
250 125 2.5
VPulse VDUT IDUT
50 50 0
100 100 0
150 150 0
200 60 2.8
250 70 3.6
VDUT
IDUT
52
Section 5: Load Lines and System Impedance
• How does system impedance affect the Load Line?
• Low Impedance
• More current flow for a given voltage
• High Impedance
• Less current flow for a given voltage
• VPulse = VDUT + (IDUT * ZTLP)
• IDUT = (VPulse - VDUT) / ZTLP
50Ω
250Ω
|
50
VDUT
IDUT
|
100
|
150
|
200
|
250
1 --
2 --
3 --
4 --
5 --
53
Section 5: System Impedance
• Why would I want to change the system impedance?
• Snapback device recap:
• Voltage triggered
• Fails by peak current
• What if Snapback device
has high trigger voltage,
low peak current?
• 250V Trigger Voltage
• 5A peak current
|
50
VDUT
IDUT
|
100
|
150
|
200
|
250
1 --
2 --
3 --
4 --
5 --
50Ω
250Ω
54
Section 5: System Impedance
• Characteristics of High Impedance
• Longer settling time
• Time Constant = ZTLP * CDUT
• Unstable turn-on region
• Enough Voltage to turn-on
• Not enough Current to remain on
50 Ω 500 Ω 1000 Ω
55
Section 5: Quasi-Static Region
• What defines the “quasi-static” region?
• After transient response has settled
• What if the device never settles?
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
-1 4 9 14
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Transient
Quasi-Static
30
40
50
60
70
80
30
40
50
60
70
80
56
Section 5: Transient Region
• Does the transient response tell me anything?
• Turn-on time
• Capacitance
Zener Waveform (TDR-S)
-20 20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300
Time (ns)
Volt
ag
e
57
Section 6
TLP Accuracy
• Understand limitations
• Optimize measurements
58
Section 6: TLP Accuracy
• Misconception: TLP is as precise as DC curve tracing
• What affects the accuracy of TLP measurements?
• Short duration means smaller sample size
• Measurement instrument limitations
• Parasitics and noise
• Contact resistance
• How are these limitations addressed?
59
Section 6: TLP Accuracy – How Are Limitations Addressed?
Oscilloscope: Bandwidth
Sample Rate
500Mhz Bandwidth
-1.5 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5
Time (ns)
6Ghz Bandwidth
-1.5 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5
Time (ns)
60
Oscilloscope: Sampling rate
Sample Rate
500 MHz, 5 GS
-1.5 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5
T ime (ns)
Volt
age
6 GHz, 20 GS
-1.5 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5
Time (ns)
Volt
age
Section 6: TLP Accuracy – How Are Limitations Addressed?
61
TDR-O: No Optimization
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
-10 40 90
Time (ns)
Volt
ag
e
Oscilloscope: Signal digitization optimization
• 8 bits of resolution = 256 possible levels
TDR-O: Optimized Quasi-Static Region
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-10 40 90
Time (ns)
Volt
ag
e
Section 6: TLP Accuracy – How Are Limitations Addressed?
62
Oscilloscope: Signal digitization optimization
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
VDUT (V)
ID
UT (
A)
No Adaptive Ranging
Adaptive Ranging
Section 6: TLP Accuracy – How Are Limitations Addressed?
63
Oscilloscope: Signal digitization optimization
• Overlapped waveform advantageous for best resolution
TDR-S: No Optimization Possible
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
-20 30 80 130 180 230
Time (ns)
Vo
lta
ge
Section 6: TLP Accuracy – How Are Limitations Addressed?
64
UNCORRECTED Open Circuit
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
VD U T (V)
I DU
T (
A)
CORRECTED Open Circuit
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VD U T (V)
I DU
T (
A)
UNCORRECTED Short Circuit
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
VD U T (V)
I DU
T (
A)
• Parasitics:
• Factor out from DUT measurement
CORRECTED Short Circuit
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
VD U T (V)
I DU
T (
A)
Section 6: TLP Accuracy – How Are Limitations Addressed?
65
• Noise:
• Multiple pulses
Averaged
Voltage Waveform
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (ns)
Section 6: TLP Accuracy – How Are Limitations Addressed?
66
• Contact Resistance
• Changes on each touchdown
• 4-point TLP (Kelvin)
• Contact resistance removed
+
_
DUT
I V
H V
Scope
V-
V+
Ω Ω
Section 6: TLP Accuracy – How Are Limitations Addressed?
67
Section 7
VF-TLP
• Similarities and differences
• Additional requirements
68
Section 7: VF-TLP
• What makes VF-TLP different?
• Short pulse width
• 1ns – 10ns
• Fast rise time
• 100ps – 200ps
• Mimics CDM event
• Transient response emphasized
69
TLP Waveform
-0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25
Time (ns)
V
Section 7: VF-TLP
• Additional requirements for VF-TLP?
• Oscilloscope bandwidth
• 200ps rise time = 5 GHz
• Oscilloscope sampling rate
• 1ns @ 20GS/sec = 20 samples
70
Package Level
Section 7: VF-TLP
• Additional requirements for VF-TLP?
• More sensitive to parasitics
• Wafer-level only
• RF-rated probes recommended
Coax Wafer Probe - 4 GHz RF Wafer Probe - 40 GHz
71
Additional Topics
• How do I power up my device during TLP?
• DC BIAS supplies can be added
TLP Pulser
V & I to Scope
D
S
G
DC Supply
72
Additional Topics
• Does TLP correlate to HBM?
• Does VF-TLP correlate to CDM?
• Why use TLP instead of a TDR machine, or solid state pulse
generator?
• TLP Circuit is a closed system, will reflections continue
indefinitely?