Introduction to Tissue Nematodes and Filarial Worms
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Transcript of Introduction to Tissue Nematodes and Filarial Worms
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INTRODUCTION TOTISSUE NEMATODES & FILARIAL WORMS
By: Ferle C. Estera/Velez college student/afraid of cockroaches
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TISSUE NEMATODESHow are intestinal nematodes differ from tissue nematodes?
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SUBCLASS: SPIRURIA• Suborder:
Spirurida
• Suborder: Camallanina
Species: Dracunculus medinensis
Superfamily: Filarioidea
Thelazioidea
Species:Onchocerca volvulus , Loa loa, Mansonella , Dirofilaria repens, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori
Species: Gnathostoma spinigerum
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SUBORDER: CAMALLANINA The Camallanina are a suborder of nematodes. Species: Dracunculus medenensis (human as final host)
Parasites of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates Copepods as obligatory secondary hosts
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SUPERFAMILY: THELAZIOIDAEThelazioidea is a superfamily of spirurian nematodes in the large order Spirurida. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system.Species: Gnathostoma spinegerum
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SUPERFAMILY: FILARIOIDEA Family: Acanthocheilonematidae
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FILARIAL WORMSWhat are the common filarial spp. in man?
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FILARIAL WORMS GENERALITIES Live in tissues or body cavities of a vertebrate host Slender, threadlike worm usually 2 to 1 cm Common habitat: circulatory system, lymphatic system, connective tissue
and serous cavities These are transmitted by blood sucking insects Requires two hosts to complete the cycle.
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MORPHOLOGY Produces less differentiated microfilariae
Microfilariae- are highly motile, threadlike pre larva that in some species may retain egg membrane as SHEATH or it raptures to become naked or UNSHEATHED
Microfilaria are capable of living a long time in the vertebrate host, but cannot develop further until ingested by an intermediate host.
Microfilariae transforms into infective larvae in the insect and are deposited in the next host when insect takes its blood meal
• Female worms are viviparous
• Males are smaller than females
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Click icon to add pictureSheathed
Unsheathed
• Burgia malayi,• Wuchereria
bancrofti • Loa loa
• M. Perstans• M. Ozzardi• M. Streptocerca• O. volvulus
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GENERAL LIFE CYCLE Infective third stage larvae are transmitted to man by infected biting
arthropods during a blood meal Inside the arthropod, the microfilariae develop in 1 to 2 weeks into infective
filariform (third stage larvae) The adults dwell in various human tissues where they can live for several
years Larva migration and development takes place in the tissue Definitive host: man
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PERIODICITY Nocturnal- largest no. of microfilariae found in peripheral blood is at night Diural- Largest no. of microfilariae found in peripheral blood during day Non periodic- largest no. of microfilariae circulating at some what
constant levels during day and night Sub periodic- Microfilariae detected throughout the day but are detected
in a larger number during late afternoon
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Parasites Adult Microfilaria
Periodicity Vector
LYMPHATIC
W. bancrofti Lymphatic blood Nocturnal culex, aedes, anophelesB. malayi Lymphatic blood Nocturnal Aedes, anoph, mansoniB. timori Lymphatic blood Nocturnal AnophelesSUBCUTANEOUS
L. loa Connective blood Diurnal chrysopsO. volvulus Connective skin Non periodic SimuliumM. streptocerca Dermis skin Non periodic CulicoidesSEROUS CAVITYM. perstans Body cavity blood Non periodic Culicoides
M. ozzardi Body cavity blood Non periodic Culicoides
Locat ion in body
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METHODS OF IDENTIFICATIONBlood concentration technique
Knott’s concentration technique: 2% formaldehyde, centrifuge, methanol, giemsa smear
Membrane filtration: Nucleopore, Syringe
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PATHOLOGY Clinical manifestations mainly by the adult worms Immunologic responses, both humoral and cell-mediated Dead or dying worms elicit the most severe inflammation Calcification of necrotizing granulomas with dead worms lead to lymphatic
obstruction
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MANIFESTATION Acute filarial disease “acute attacks” Episodes of febrile lymphangitis and lymphadentis Adenolymphangitis (ADL) dermatoadenolyphangitis (DADL) Pain, tenderness and swelling of affected areas (limbs, genitals, breast) w/
or w/out fever Epididymo-orchitis in males may occur
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Lymphedema- An abnormal accumulation of lymph in tissues causing swelling of legs , arms, breasts, or genitals
Elephantiasis- disabling and disfiguring lymphedema of the limbs, breast and genitals, accompanied by marked thickening of the skin
PRESENCE OF PARASITE IN LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CAN LEAD TO:
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Hydrocele- Fluid-filled ballon-like enlargement of the sacs around the testes
Kidney damage- leading to blood and protein loss in urine
PRESENCE OF PARASITE IN LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CAN LEAD TO:
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treatment Diagnosis Location in human
Mode of transmission
Disease Nematode species
Surgical extraction
clinical Subcutaneous, mainly in lower limbs
Ingestion of infected cyclops in water
Dracunculiasis, Guinea worm disease
Dracunculus medinensis
NON-FILARIAL TISSUE NEMATODE INFECTIONS
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MAJOR FILARIAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANSLab. diagnosis
vector Location of microfilaria
Location of adult in humans
Geographic distribution
Disease species
Blood film mosquitoes Blood (nocturnal periodicity)
Lymphatic vessels
Tropical and subtropical areas
elephantiasis Wuchereria bancrofti
Blood film mosquitoes Blood (nocturnal periodicity)
Lymphatic vessels
Asia elephantiasis Brugia malayi
Skin snip Simulium spp. (black fly)
Skin, eyes, no periodicity
Subcutaneous nodules
Africa, Central and South America, Yemen
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Onchocerca volvulus
Blood film Chrysops spp. (deer fly)
Blood (diurnal periodicity)
Moving in subcutaneous tissues
Central Africa
loiasis Loa loa
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END
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