INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITS Chapter 1. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy –Shape and...
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Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITS Chapter 1. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy –Shape and...
INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITS
Chapter 1
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy–Shape and structure of an
organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another
• Physiology–Function of each body part and
how the functions of various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism
Branches of Anatomy
Gross anatomyMicroscopic anatomyDevelopmental anatomyComparative anatomySystematic anatomy
Terms for Location or Position and Direction
Anterior or ventral– Front or in front of
Posterior or dorsal– Back or in back of
Cephalic and caudal– Toward the “head end” or “tail
end”Superior and inferior
– Above or below another
Terms for Location or Position and Direction
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
Terms for Location or Position and Direction
Medial and lateral– Toward or away from the midline
Proximal and distal– Toward or away from the point of
attachment or origin
Superficial/external and internal
– On or near the surface or deep inside
Terms for Location or Position and Direction
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
Checkpoint Questions
1.Which term means “towards the tail end?”
2. What is another word for “posterior?”
3. What does the term means “towards the point of attachment?
Caudal
Distal
Proximal
Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal plane– Right and left parts
Midsagittal plane– Equal right and left parts
Coronal (frontal) plane– Vertical at right angles to the sagittal
plane
Transverse or cross section– Horizontal; divides body into upper
and lower parts
Body Planes and Sections
Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity– Brain and spinal
cord– Cranial cavity– Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavityAbdominopelvic
cavity– Abdominal cavity– Pelvic cavity
Body Cavities
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
Epigastric region (upper)– Just below sternum
Right and left hypochondriac– Just below ribs
Umbilical (middle)– Located around the navel
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
Right and left lumbar– Extend from anterior to
posteriorHypogastric (lower)
– Pubic areaRight and left iliac
– Also called right and left inguinal areas
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
Smaller Cavities
Orbital cavity– Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic
nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ductsNasal cavity
– Parts that form the noseBuccal cavity
– Teeth and tongue
Checkpoint Questions
1. What is the cavity that forms part of the nose?
2. What are the terms that mean “just below the ribs?”
3. What is the difference between the midsagittal and sagittal planes?
Nasal Cavity
Right and left hypochondriac
Sagittal – separates body into right and left partsMidsagittal – separates body into EQUAL right and left parts
Life Functions
Living organisms may be unicellular organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc.
All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions.
Life Functions
These functions allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.
Life Functions
Movement– Muscle system
Ingestion– Digestive system
Digestion– Digestive system
Life Functions
Transport– Circulatory system
Respiration– Respiratory system
Synthesis – Digestive system
Life Functions
Assimilation– Digestive system
Growth– Skeletal system
Secretion– Endocrine system
Life Functions
Excretion– Urinary system
Regulation (sensitivity)– Nervous system
Reproduction– Reproductive system
Human Development
Cells Tissues Organs Organ system Organism!
Body Processes
Metabolism– Functional activities of the
cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions• Anabolism
– Building up
• Catabolism– Breaking down
Homeostasis
Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits
Essential to survivalWorks on a negative
feedback system
Metric System
Measurements for length, weight, and
volumeA decimal systemBased on the power of tenUses prefixes such as centi-, milli-,
and micro-
Metric System
Lengths measured in metersWeights measured in gramsVolumes measured in liters
Checkpoint Questions
1. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
2. Excretion involves which body system?
3. Weight is measured in what using the metric system?
Catabolism – breaking downAnabolism – building up
Urinary System
Grams
