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Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITS Chapter 1. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson...
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
Branches of Anatomy
1.Gross Anatomy-study of large and easily observable structures by dissection or inspection with the naked eye(ex. General shape, external features, main divisions)
Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
2. Microscopic Anatomy-on a cellular level thanks to invention of the microscope
• Cytology: study of the structure, function, and development of cells that
comprise different body parts• Histology: study of tissues and organs that
make up the entire body of an organism
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
3.Developmental Anatomy: studies the growth and development of an organism during its lifetime
• Embryology: studies the formation of an organism from the fertilized
egg to birth
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
4. Comparative Anatomy- studies the organs and body parts of humans in comparison to other animals within the animal kingdom
5. Systemic Anatomy- studies structure and function of various organs or parts that comprise a particular organ system. Ex: Dermatology-study of integumentary system
Endocrinology-study of endocrine systemNeurology- study of nervous system
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction
Anatomical Position: a human being in such a position is standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, and palms forward.
• Anterior/Ventral: “front” or “in front of” Ex: A ventral hernia may protrude from the front of the abdomen.
• Posterior/Dorsal: “back” or “in back of” Ex: Shoulder blades (scapula) are located on the posterior
surface of the body.
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology
• Cranial: “skull or head end” Ex: A VP shunt was placed to manage the patients increased
intracranial pressure.
• Caudal: “tail end” Ex: Caudal anesthesia is injected in the lower spine.
• Superior: “upper” or “above another” Ex. The heart and lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm.
• Inferior:”lower” or “below another” Ex. The intestines are situated inferior to the diaphragm.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
• Medial:”toward the midline or median plane of the body”
• Lateral: “away” or toward the side of the body
Ex: The nose is medial to the eyes and the ears are lateral to the nose.
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
• Proximal: “towards the point of attachment to the body or trunk of the body”
• Distal: “away from the point of attachment or origin or farthest from the trunk of the body”
Ex: The hand is proximal to the wrist. The elbow is distal to the shoulder.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
•Terms Referring to Body Planes and Sections
Planes are imaginary anatomical dividing lines which are useful in separating body structures.
A section is a cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
• Sagittal Plane: divides the body into right and left parts
• Mid-Sagittal Plane: right and left sides of the body
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
• Coronal (frontal) Plane: a vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
• Transverse Plane: aka-”cross section” a horizontal line that divides the body into upper and lower parts
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology
Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body
• Dorsal cavity: contains brain and spinal cord
• Cranial cavity: contains the brain
• Spinal cavity: contains the spinal cord
• Thoracic cavity: contains heart and lungs
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology
• Abdominopelvic cavity: includes abdomen and pelvis
• Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine
• Pelvic cavity: contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, appendix, and remainder of large intestine
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity• Upper/Epigastric region: located just
below the sternum
• Right hypochondriac region: just below ribs on right side of body
• Left hypochondriac region: just below ribs on left side of body
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
• Middle/Umbilical region: around the naval or umbilicus
• Right lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior, just below right hypochondriac region
• Left lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior, just below left hypochondriac region
• Lower/Hypogastric region: pubic area
• Right Illiac Region: right inguinal area
• Left Illiac Region: left inguinal area
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology
•Smaller Cavities
• Orbital cavity: eyes, optic nerves, lacrimal (tear) ducts
• Nasal cavity: parts that form the nose
• Buccal cavity: teeth and tongue
Life FunctionsLife Functions
• Life Functions are a series of highly organized and related activities which allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.
• These vital functions include movement, ingestion, digestion, transport, respiration, synthesis, assimilation, growth, secretion, excretion, regulation, and reproduction
• See pg. 6
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Human DevelopmentHuman Development
• Early in human development, certain groups of cells become highly specialized for specific functions.
• Special cells grouped according to function, shape, size, and structure are called tissues.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Human DevelopmentHuman Development
• Tissues form larger structural units known as organs.
• Groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function are called an organ system.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Body ProcessesBody Processes
• Metabolism: the functional activities of cells that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions
• Anabolism: the building up of complex materials from simpler ones such as food and oxygen
Body ProcessesBody Processes
• Catabolism: the breaking down and changing of complex substances into simpler ones, with a release of energy and carbon dioxideAnabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism
• Homeostasis: the maintenance of optimal internal environment of the human body
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.