Introduction to the Philippine S& T System

INTRODUCTION TO THE INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMAND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM

byby

Roger D. Posadas, Ph.D.Roger D. Posadas, Ph.D.Prof. Lecturer, Technology Management CenterProf. Lecturer, Technology Management Center

University of the Philippines – DilimanUniversity of the Philippines – Diliman

TM 201-I-14-15, Lecture 16-B, November 2014TM 201-I-14-15, Lecture 16-B, November 2014

THE IMPORTANCE OF S&T TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT...1THE IMPORTANCE OF S&T TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT...1

SINCE THE 1950s, THE ACQUISITION AND SINCE THE 1950s, THE ACQUISITION AND

MASTERY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNO- MASTERY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNO-

LOGY (S&T) HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED LOGY (S&T) HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED

AND ADVOCATED AS ESSENTIAL TO AND ADVOCATED AS ESSENTIAL TO

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMPE- NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMPE-

TITIVENESS, ESPECIALLY IN LESS TITIVENESS, ESPECIALLY IN LESS

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LDCs) LIKE THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LDCs) LIKE THE

PHILIPPINES.PHILIPPINES.

THE IMPORTANCE OF S&T TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT...2THE IMPORTANCE OF S&T TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT...2

TODAY, AS HUMAN SOCIETIES BEGIN TODAY, AS HUMAN SOCIETIES BEGIN EVOLVING TO THE HIGHLY TECHNOLO- EVOLVING TO THE HIGHLY TECHNOLO- GIZED, COMPUTERIZED, DIGITALIZED, GIZED, COMPUTERIZED, DIGITALIZED, GLOBALIZED, AND BORDERLESS GLOBALIZED, AND BORDERLESS “KNOW- “KNOW- LEDGE SOCIETY”LEDGE SOCIETY” OF THE 21 OF THE 21STST CENTURY, CENTURY, MANY LDCs ARE REALIZING THAT THEIR MANY LDCs ARE REALIZING THAT THEIR ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL VIABILITY AS ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL VIABILITY AS NATIONS WILL DEPEND ON THEIR LEVEL NATIONS WILL DEPEND ON THEIR LEVEL OF OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE.INDEPENDENCE.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE...1SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE...1

TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCETECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE AT THE AT THE

NATIONAL LEVEL MEANS NATIONAL AUTO- NATIONAL LEVEL MEANS NATIONAL AUTO-

NOMY OR SELF-RELIANCE IN THE ASSESS- NOMY OR SELF-RELIANCE IN THE ASSESS-

MENT, SELECTION, ACQUISITION, MASTERY, MENT, SELECTION, ACQUISITION, MASTERY,

INVENTION, COMMERCIALIZATION, AND EX- INVENTION, COMMERCIALIZATION, AND EX-

PLOITATION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR GLOBAL PLOITATION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR GLOBAL

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE.COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE.

TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE IS THE OPPOSITE OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEPEND- TECHNOLOGICAL DEPEND- ENCEENCE THE ALMOST TOTAL RELIANCE ON THE IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN TECHNOLO- GIES.

TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE IS DIF- FERENT FROM TECHNOLOGICAL AUTARKYTECHNOLOGICAL AUTARKY THE ALMOST TOTAL RELIANCE ON ONE’S OWN LOCAL TECHNOLOGIES.


SCIENTIFIC INDEPENDENCESCIENTIFIC INDEPENDENCE IS THE CAPA- IS THE CAPA-

CITY OF A COUNTRY TO CREATE AND SUS- CITY OF A COUNTRY TO CREATE AND SUS-

TAIN ITS OWN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, TAIN ITS OWN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS,

TRADITIONS, AND PROGRAMS IN THE PRO- TRADITIONS, AND PROGRAMS IN THE PRO-

CESS OF MAKING SIGNIFICANT AND ORI- CESS OF MAKING SIGNIFICANT AND ORI-

GINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ADVANCE- GINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ADVANCE-

MENT OF WORLD SCIENCE.MENT OF WORLD SCIENCE.


SCIENTIFIC INDEPENDENCE IS THE OPPO- IS THE OPPO- SITE OFSITE OF SCIENTIFIC DEPENDENCESCIENTIFIC DEPENDENCE THE THE DEPENDENCE ON OTHER COUNTRIES’ SCI- DEPENDENCE ON OTHER COUNTRIES’ SCI- ENTIFIC TEXTBOOKS, EQUIPMENT, JOUR- ENTIFIC TEXTBOOKS, EQUIPMENT, JOUR- NALS, PROGRAMS, AND INSTITUTIONSNALS, PROGRAMS, AND INSTITUTIONS.

SCIENTIFIC INDEPENDENCESCIENTIFIC INDEPENDENCE IS DIFFERENT IS DIFFERENT FROM FROM SCIENTIFIC AUTARKYSCIENTIFIC AUTARKY THE POLICY THE POLICY OF ISOLATION FROM THE INTERNATIONAL OF ISOLATION FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.


TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCETECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE CAN BE ATTAINED BY A COUNTRY THROUGH THE ACQUISITION, IMITA-

TION, LEARNING AND IMPROVEMENT OF FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES BUT IT CANNOT BE SUSTAINED UNLESS THE COUNTRY ALSO HAS SCIENTIFIC INDE- SCIENTIFIC INDE- PENDENCE.PENDENCE.

TO BE GLOBALLY COMPETITIVEGLOBALLY COMPETITIVE IN THE 21ST CENTURY, A COUNTRY MUST HAVE ATTAINED (1) TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE WITH RESPECT TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE WITH RESPECT TOTO THE LATEST TECHNOLOGIESTHE LATEST TECHNOLOGIES AND (2) SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC

INDEPENDENCE.INDEPENDENCE.


DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL S&T DEVELOPMENT...1DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL S&T DEVELOPMENT...1

BASALLA’S STAGES IN THE SCIENTIFIC DEVELOP- BASALLA’S STAGES IN THE SCIENTIFIC DEVELOP- MENT OF A COUNTRY:MENT OF A COUNTRY:

STAGE 1STAGE 1 :: NATURALIST SCIENCENATURALIST SCIENCE

STAGE 2STAGE 2 :: COLONIALIST SCIENCECOLONIALIST SCIENCE

STAGE 3STAGE 3 :: INDEPENDENT SCIENCEINDEPENDENT SCIENCE

THE EXTENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A THE EXTENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRM, INDUSTRY, OR COUNTRY CAN BE GAUGED IN FIRM, INDUSTRY, OR COUNTRY CAN BE GAUGED IN TERMS OF TWO DIMENSIONS:TERMS OF TWO DIMENSIONS:

1.1. TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY ---TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY --- LEVEL OF THE LEVEL OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL SKILLS AND KNOW-HOW OF A TECHNOLOGICAL SKILLS AND KNOW-HOW OF A FIRM, INDUSTRY, OR COUNTRY.FIRM, INDUSTRY, OR COUNTRY.

2.2. TECHNOLOGICAL SOPHISTICATION ---TECHNOLOGICAL SOPHISTICATION --- MEASURE OF MEASURE OF PROXIMITY TO THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF THE KEY PROXIMITY TO THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF THE KEY TECHNOLOGIES BEING USED BY A FIRM, INDUSTRY, TECHNOLOGIES BEING USED BY A FIRM, INDUSTRY, OR COUNTRY.OR COUNTRY.


LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY (1):LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY (1):

1. ACQUISITIONAL CAPABILITY1. ACQUISITIONAL CAPABILITY

2.2. OPERATIVE CAPABILITYOPERATIVE CAPABILITY

3.3. ADAPTIVE CAPABILITYADAPTIVE CAPABILITY

4.4. INTEGRATIVE OR INVESTMENT CAPABILITYINTEGRATIVE OR INVESTMENT CAPABILITY

LADDER OFLADDER OF FIRM-LEVEL TECHNOLOGICAL CAPA- FIRM-LEVEL TECHNOLOGICAL CAPA- BILITIES ACCORDING TO POSADAS (2010)...1BILITIES ACCORDING TO POSADAS (2010)...1

LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY (2):LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY (2):

DUPLICATIVE CAPABILITYDUPLICATIVE CAPABILITY

IMPROVED-DESIGN CAPABILITYIMPROVED-DESIGN CAPABILITY

REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITYREPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITY

8.8. INNOVATIVE CAPABILITYINNOVATIVE CAPABILITY

9.9. CREATIVE CAPABILITYCREATIVE CAPABILITY

LADDER OFLADDER OF FIRM-LEVEL TECHNOLOGICAL CAPA- FIRM-LEVEL TECHNOLOGICAL CAPA- BILITIES ACCORDING TO POSADAS (2010)...2BILITIES ACCORDING TO POSADAS (2010)...2

LADDER OF FIRM-LEVEL TECHNOLOGICAL CAPA- BILITIES ACCORDING TO POSADAS (2010)...3

ACQUISITIONAL CAPABILITYACQUISITIONAL CAPABILITY -- the ability to assess, -- the ability to assess, select, and acquire appropriate technologies from select, and acquire appropriate technologies from external sources.external sources.

OPERATIVE CAPABILITYOPERATIVE CAPABILITY -- the ability to implement, -- the ability to implement, operationalize, and repair an externally acquired operationalize, and repair an externally acquired technology.technology.

ADAPTIVE CAPABILITYADAPTIVE CAPABILITY -- the ability to adapt an ex- -- the ability to adapt an external technology to local conditions through the ternal technology to local conditions through the modification of its scale, capacity, inputs, and modification of its scale, capacity, inputs, and peripheral components.peripheral components.

INTEGRATIVE OR INVESTMENT CAPABILITYINTEGRATIVE OR INVESTMENT CAPABILITY -- the -- the ability to assemble a complex technological ability to assemble a complex technological

system system or commission a production facility on a or commission a production facility on a self-reliant self-reliant basis.basis.

DUPLICATIVE CAPABILITYDUPLICATIVE CAPABILITY -- the ability to reverse -- the ability to reverse engineer and make a duplicate of an externally engineer and make a duplicate of an externally acquired product or process technology.acquired product or process technology.

IMPROVED-DESIGN CAPABILITYIMPROVED-DESIGN CAPABILITY – the ability to im- – the ability to im- prove the design of an existing product in terms prove the design of an existing product in terms

of of performance, architecture, or aesthetics without performance, architecture, or aesthetics without changing the technology. changing the technology.


REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITYREPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITY -- the ability to repro- -- the ability to repro- duce the core component of an externally acquired duce the core component of an externally acquired product technology product technology

INNOVATIVE CAPABILITYINNOVATIVE CAPABILITY -- the ability to design and -- the ability to design and commercialize an incremental but significant im- commercialize an incremental but significant improvement of the core or basic technology of an provement of the core or basic technology of an existing product or process.existing product or process.

CREATIVE CAPABILITYCREATIVE CAPABILITY -- the ability to create a radi- -- the ability to create a radi- cally novel, breakthrough technology through endo- cally novel, breakthrough technology through endogenous research and development and to commer- genous research and development and to commercialize it into a new-to-the-world product or processcialize it into a new-to-the-world product or process.


LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOPHISTICATION:LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOPHISTICATION:

1.1. FIRST-WAVE TECHNOLOGIES FIRST-WAVE TECHNOLOGIES THE PRE-INDUSTRIAL CRAFT THE PRE-INDUSTRIAL CRAFT OR ARTISAN TECHNOLOGIES WHICH ARE BASED ON EMPIRI- OR ARTISAN TECHNOLOGIES WHICH ARE BASED ON EMPIRI- CAL KNOW-HOW RATHER THAN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.CAL KNOW-HOW RATHER THAN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.

2.2. SECOND-WAVE TECHNOLOGIES SECOND-WAVE TECHNOLOGIES THE INDUSTRIAL TECHNO- THE INDUSTRIAL TECHNO- LOGIES WHICH ARE BASED ON THE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE LOGIES WHICH ARE BASED ON THE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE BULK OR MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES, STRUCTURES, OF THE BULK OR MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES, STRUCTURES, BEHAVIORS AND INTERACTIONS OF MATTER.BEHAVIORS AND INTERACTIONS OF MATTER.

3.3. THIRD-WAVE TECHNOLOGIES THIRD-WAVE TECHNOLOGIES THE POST-INDUSTRIAL OR THE POST-INDUSTRIAL OR HIGH TECHNOLOGIES WHICH ARE BASED ON THE LATEST HIGH TECHNOLOGIES WHICH ARE BASED ON THE LATEST SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURES, PROPERTIES, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURES, PROPERTIES, BEHAVIORS, AND INTERACTIONS OF MOLECULES, ATOMS, BEHAVIORS, AND INTERACTIONS OF MOLECULES, ATOMS, NUCLEI, AND FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLESNUCLEI, AND FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES


TYPES OF TYPES OF TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

FIRST WAVE TECHNOLOGIES

SECOND WAVE TECHNOLOGIES

THIRD WAVE TECHNOLOGIES

MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES

Copper, Bronze, Copper, Bronze, Iron, CeramicIron, Ceramic

Steel, Aluminum, Steel, Aluminum, PetrochemicalsPetrochemicals

Semiconductors, Semiconductors, CompositesComposites

INSTRUMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Plow, Saw, Spinning Plow, Saw, Spinning WheelWheel

Engines, Motors, Engines, Motors, Machine ToolsMachine Tools

Lasers, Robots, Lasers, Robots, MicromachinesMicromachines

ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Firewood, Watermill,Firewood, Watermill,

WindmillWindmillSteam Engine, Steam Engine, TurbogeneratorTurbogenerator

Photovoltaics, Nuclear Photovoltaics, Nuclear FusionFusion

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Printing Press, Printing Press, Pens, BooksPens, Books

Typewriter, Radio, Typewriter, Radio, Telephone, TVTelephone, TV

Computers, Internet, Computers, Internet, Mobile PhoneMobile Phone

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES

Traditional MedicineTraditional Medicine Immunization, Modern Immunization, Modern SurgerySurgery

MRI, Biotech Medicine, MRI, Biotech Medicine, Smart DrugsSmart Drugs

AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES

Traditional Traditional AgricultureAgriculture

Mechanized Agriculture, Mechanized Agriculture, Green RevolutionGreen Revolution

Biotech Agriculture, Biotech Agriculture, Precision Smart FarmingPrecision Smart Farming

MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES

Craft-Based and Craft-Based and Guild ManufacturingGuild Manufacturing

Factory-Based, Mass Factory-Based, Mass ProductionProduction

CAD/CAE/CAM, FMSCAD/CAE/CAM, FMS

Robotic FactoriesRobotic Factories

MILITARY MILITARY TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES

Sword-and-Shield, Sword-and-Shield, Bow-and-ArrowBow-and-Arrow

Guns and Explosives, Guns and Explosives, Tanks and AirplanesTanks and Airplanes

Space Wars, Electronic Space Wars, Electronic BattlefieldBattlefield


THE TWO DIMENSIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOP- THE TWO DIMENSIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOP- MENT CAN GIVE RISE TO THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:MENT CAN GIVE RISE TO THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:

A A FIRM OR COUNTRY POSSESSING AFIRM OR COUNTRY POSSESSING A HIGH LEVEL OF HIGH LEVEL OF SOPHISTICATIONSOPHISTICATION IN A CERTAIN TECHNOLOGY AND YET IN A CERTAIN TECHNOLOGY AND YET HAVING ONLY ANHAVING ONLY AN OPERATIVE CAPABILITYOPERATIVE CAPABILITY IN THAT IN THAT TECHNOLOGY.TECHNOLOGY.

A FIRM OR COUNTRY ATTAINING THEA FIRM OR COUNTRY ATTAINING THE CREATIVE LEVEL CREATIVE LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABLITYOF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABLITY IN A CERTAIN TECH- IN A CERTAIN TECH- NOLOGY AND YET HAVING ANOLOGY AND YET HAVING A LOW LEVEL OF TECHNOLO- LOW LEVEL OF TECHNOLO- GICAL SOPHISTICATIONGICAL SOPHISTICATION BECAUSE THE TECHNOLOGY IS BECAUSE THE TECHNOLOGY IS FIRST-WAVEFIRST-WAVE.

DIMENSIONS OFDIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL S&TNATIONAL S&T DEVELOPMENT...5DEVELOPMENT...5

TO BE GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE TODAY, A FIRM OR TO BE GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE TODAY, A FIRM OR COUNTRY MUST HAVE A COUNTRY MUST HAVE A CREATIVE LEVEL OF CAPA- CREATIVE LEVEL OF CAPA- BILITY IN THIRD-WAVE TECHNOLOGIESBILITY IN THIRD-WAVE TECHNOLOGIES BECAUSE BECAUSE ONLY SUCH A DEGREE OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVE- ONLY SUCH A DEGREE OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVE- LOPMENT WILL ENABLE THE FIRM OR COUNTRY TO LOPMENT WILL ENABLE THE FIRM OR COUNTRY TO BECOME A BECOME A TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATOR, PIONEER, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATOR, PIONEER, AND LEADER.AND LEADER.

THEREFORE, THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGI- THEREFORE, THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGI- CAL INDEPENDENCE OR THE WORLD-CLASS CAL INDEPENDENCE OR THE WORLD-CLASS

BENCHMARK OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT BENCHMARK OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IS IS CREATIVE CAPABILITY IN THIRD-WAVE OR CREATIVE CAPABILITY IN THIRD-WAVE OR STATE-OF-THE-STATE-OF-THE- ART TECHNOLOGIESART TECHNOLOGIES..


SUPPLYSUPPLY LINKAGELINKAGE DEMANDDEMAND

NATIONAL S&T SUPPLYSUBSYSTEM

NATIONAL S&T LINKAGE SUBSYSTEM

NATIONAL S&T DEMANDSUBSYSTEM

S&T Education and Training• Basic Research • Applied Research and Invention• S&T Services

Technology Incubation Technology Transfer • Technology Commercialization • Technology Diffusion

Technology Implementation• Technological Learning • Technological Capability Building

THE STRONG INTERACTIONS AMONG THE SYSTEMS OF RESEARCH, TECH- THE STRONG INTERACTIONS AMONG THE SYSTEMS OF RESEARCH, TECH- NOLOGY TRANSFER, AND PRODUCTION IN ADVANCED COUNTRIESNOLOGY TRANSFER, AND PRODUCTION IN ADVANCED COUNTRIES

AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE

S&T

Assessment of the Philippine

S&T Supply Subsystem

INDICATORS OF NATIONAL S&T SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT...1

PRINCIPALPRINCIPAL INPUTINPUT INDICATORS OF THE NATIONAL INDICATORS OF THE NATIONAL S&T SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM:S&T SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM:

● THE COUNTRY’STHE COUNTRY’S NO. OF FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT NO. OF FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT (FTE) RESEARCHERS PER MILLION INHABITANTS(FTE) RESEARCHERS PER MILLION INHABITANTS

● THE COUNTRY’S GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDI- THE COUNTRY’S GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDI- TURES ON R&D (GERD) AS A PERCENTAGE OF TURES ON R&D (GERD) AS A PERCENTAGE OF ITS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT:ITS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: GERD/GDPGERD/GDP

● THE COUNTRY’STHE COUNTRY’S PER CAPITA GERDPER CAPITA GERD BY PUR- BY PUR- CHASING POWER PARITY (PPP)CHASING POWER PARITY (PPP)

PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL OUTPUTOUTPUT INDICATORS OF THE NATIONAL INDICATORS OF THE NATIONAL S&T SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM:S&T SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM:

● PERCENTAGE SHARE OF THE COUNTRY’S ISIPERCENTAGE SHARE OF THE COUNTRY’S ISIPUBLICATIONSPUBLICATIONS IN THE TOTAL ANNUAL NO. OF ISI IN THE TOTAL ANNUAL NO. OF ISI

PUBLICATIONSPUBLICATIONS

● NO. OF ISI PUBLICATIONS PER FTE RESEARCHERNO. OF ISI PUBLICATIONS PER FTE RESEARCHER

● PERCENTAGE SHARE OF THE USPTO PATENTSPERCENTAGE SHARE OF THE USPTO PATENTS GRANTED TO RESIDENT INVENTORS OF THE GRANTED TO RESIDENT INVENTORS OF THE

COUNTRY IN THE TOTAL ANNUAL NO. OF COUNTRY IN THE TOTAL ANNUAL NO. OF PATENTS PATENTS GRANTED BY THE USPTOGRANTED BY THE USPTO

INDICATORS OF NATIONAL S&T SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT...2INDICATORS OF NATIONAL S&T SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT...2

IN HIGHLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES:IN HIGHLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES:

NO. OF FTE R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS PER NO. OF FTE R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS PER MILLION POPULATION RANGES FROM MILLION POPULATION RANGES FROM 2,0002,000 TO TO 4,0004,000

GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURES ON R&D AS AGROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURES ON R&D AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP OR PERCENTAGE OF GDP OR GERD/GDPGERD/GDP RANGE FROM RANGE FROM

2.0%2.0% TO TO 3.0%3.0%


IN 1970 THE IN 1970 THE UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS SET THE FOLLOWING 10- SET THE FOLLOWING 10-YEAR TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPING COUN- TRIES YEAR TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPING COUN- TRIES OF ASIA:OF ASIA:

► 380380 R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS PER R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS PER MILLION POPULATION MILLION POPULATION BY 1980BY 1980

► GERD/GDP OF GERD/GDP OF 1.0%1.0% BY 1980BY 1980


STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM...1STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM...1

BY THE YEAR 2000, THE NO. OF R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS PER MILLION POPULATION JUMPED TO

1,000–20001,000–2000 IN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES

BUT INCREASED TO ONLY

155 IN THE PHILIPPINES155 IN THE PHILIPPINES

THIS FIGURE OF THIS FIGURE OF 155155 IS NOT EVEN ONE-HALF OF THE TARGET OF IS NOT EVEN ONE-HALF OF THE TARGET OF 380380 SET BY THE UNITED NATIONS FOR ATTAINMENT WAY BACK IN SET BY THE UNITED NATIONS FOR ATTAINMENT WAY BACK IN 1980. NEEDLESS TO SAY, THIS IS ONE OF THE LOWEST IN 1980. NEEDLESS TO SAY, THIS IS ONE OF THE LOWEST IN ASEANASEAN..

What is even worse is that according to the latest What is even worse is that according to the latest UNESCO data, the no. of Philippine FTE researchers UNESCO data, the no. of Philippine FTE researchers per million population has dropped further toper million population has dropped further to only 81 only 81 in 2005in 2005 ― ― which is the lowest among the which is the lowest among the original original ASEAN-5 and way, way below theASEAN-5 and way, way below the UN target of 380. UN target of 380.

In absolute numbers, the Philippines in 2005 had a In absolute numbers, the Philippines in 2005 had a total oftotal of 6,896 FTE researchers6,896 FTE researchers and a headcount ofand a headcount of 10,690 10,690 researchers.researchers.

How the Philippine figures compare with those of How the Philippine figures compare with those of other countries is shown inother countries is shown in Table 2.Table 2.


Table 2: THE NUMBER OF RESEARCHERS IN THE PHILIPPINES AS COMPARED TO THOSE OF ITS NEIGHBORS

10,690 10,690 cc

41,117 41,117 dd

- - -- - -

34,084 34,084 cc

19,021 19,021 bb

- - -- - -

289,098 289,098 aa

- - - - - -

883,386 883,386 aa

31,657 31,657 aa

Total Head Count Total Head Count of Researchersof Researchers

6,896 6,896 cc81 81 cc PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES

9,328 9,328 dd115 115 dd VietnamVietnam

42,722 42,722 ee205 205 ee IndonesiaIndonesia

20,506 20,506 cc311311 c c ThailandThailand

9,694 9,694 bb372 372 bb MalaysiaMalaysia

1,423,380 1,423,380 aa1,071 1,071 aa China China

221,928 221,928 aa4,627 4,627 aa Korea, Rep.Korea, Rep.

1,425,550 1,425,550 bb4,663 4,663 bb U.S.A.U.S.A.

709,974 709,974 aa5,573 5,573 aa JapanJapan

27,301 27,301 aa6,088 6,088 aa SingaporeSingapore

Total No. of FTE Total No. of FTE ResearchersResearchers

No. of FTE No. of FTE Researchers per Researchers per

Million PopulationMillion Population

CountryCountry

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

Superscripts: a = 2007, b = 2006, c = 2005, d = 2002, e = 2001 Superscripts: a = 2007, b = 2006, c = 2005, d = 2002, e = 2001

► Of the Of the 10,00010,000 or so R&D scientists and engineers in or so R&D scientists and engineers in

the Philippines, only about the Philippines, only about 1,0001,000 have doctorates and have doctorates and

only a handful of PhDs are available in each major only a handful of PhDs are available in each major

field of specialization such as photonics, semicon- field of specialization such as photonics, semicon-

ductor physics, mechatronic engineering, etc. ductor physics, mechatronic engineering, etc.

► Hence, the country does not have the critical mass of Hence, the country does not have the critical mass of

PhD researchers needed to form a self-sustaining PhD researchers needed to form a self-sustaining

R&D community in most fields of science and R&D community in most fields of science and

engineering.engineering.


By the late 1990s, the GERD/GDP had increased to a range of 1.0% -- 1.8% among the NICs, but had re- but had remained stagnant at mained stagnant at 0.22% in the Philippines, whichwhich was one of the lowest among the original ASEAN-5 was one of the lowest among the original ASEAN-5 countries and which was way, way below the GERD/ countries and which was way, way below the GERD/ GDP target of GDP target of 1.0%1.0% set by the United Nations for set by the United Nations for attainment by developing countries in 1980. attainment by developing countries in 1980.

This situation went This situation went from bad to worse by the mid-2000s for, as reported by UNESCO, the Philippines the Philippines had ahad a GERD/GDP of only 0.12%GERD/GDP of only 0.12% in 2005 which was which was second to the lowest among the original ASEAN-5 and second to the lowest among the original ASEAN-5 and a big drop froma big drop from its value ofits value of 0.22% in the late 1990s. 0.22% in the late 1990s.


Table 3: THE PHILIPPINE EXPENDITURES ON R&D AS COMPARED TO THOSE OF ITS

NEIGHBORS

1.60 1.60 cc0.05 0.05 cc IndonesiaIndonesia

3.40 3.40 cc0.12 0.12 cc PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES

3.10 3.10 dd0.19 0.19 dd VietnamVietnam

18.10 18.10 bb0.250.25 b b ThailandThailand

79.90 79.90 bb0.64 0.64 bb MalaysiaMalaysia

78.90 78.90 aa1.49 1.49 aa China China

1,341.80 1,341.80 aa2.61 2.61 aa SingaporeSingapore

1,194.80 1,194.80 aa2.67 2.67 aa U.S.A.U.S.A.

868.50 868.50 aa3.47 3.47 aa Korea, Rep.Korea, Rep.

1,158.50 1,158.50 aa3.45 3.45 aa JapanJapan

GERD Per Capita GERD Per Capita PPP$PPP$

GERD as % GDPGERD as % GDP CountryCountry

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

Superscripts: a = 2007, b = 2006, c = 2005, d = 2002Superscripts: a = 2007, b = 2006, c = 2005, d = 2002

The Philippines also spent aThe Philippines also spent a per capita GERD of only per capita GERD of only $3.40 PPP in 2005$3.40 PPP in 2005, which is next to the lowest among , which is next to the lowest among the ASEAN-5 and way below thethe ASEAN-5 and way below the per capita GERD of per capita GERD of $500-$1000 PPP spent by developed countries.$500-$1000 PPP spent by developed countries.

Table 4Table 4 compares the Philippine figures with those of compares the Philippine figures with those of other countries. other countries.

While the contribution of private industry to the While the contribution of private industry to the GERD ranges fromGERD ranges from 50% to 80%50% to 80% in HDCs and NICs, it in HDCs and NICs, it has been reported that Philippine domestic business has been reported that Philippine domestic business firms contribute only less thanfirms contribute only less than 25%25% to GERDto GERD and thatand that most of this are spent on non-research activities.

STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT...5STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT...5

Table 4: DECREASE IN PHILIPPINE EXPENDITURES ON R&D UNDER THE GMA ADMINISTRATION

200520052003200320022002

3.403.40

3.50 3.50 3.603.60GERD Per GERD Per Capita Capita PPP$PPP$

0.120.120.140.140.150.15GERD as % GERD as % GDPGDP

From the ISI-WOS Citation Databases, one can find From the ISI-WOS Citation Databases, one can find that the Philippines in 2005 had onlythat the Philippines in 2005 had only 520 ISI publica- 520 ISI publica- tionstions which constituted only a tiny share which constituted only a tiny share ── 0.04%0.04%─ of ─ of all ISI publications that year and gave the country aall ISI publications that year and gave the country a world ranking of 72.world ranking of 72.

In comparison, as shown inIn comparison, as shown in Table 5Table 5, Indonesia had , Indonesia had 586586 publications, Vietnampublications, Vietnam 590590, Malaysia, Malaysia 1,5961,596, Thailand, Thailand 2,6152,615, Singapore, Singapore 6,5286,528, Taiwan, Taiwan 16,14716,147, South Korea, South Korea 26,43426,434, and China, and China 70,96270,962, Japan, Japan 77,263 77,263, all in 2005., all in 2005.

Table 6Table 6 then shows the growth in ISI publications of then shows the growth in ISI publications of some ASEAN countries during the period 1999-2005.some ASEAN countries during the period 1999-2005.


Table 5: COMPARATIVE STATISTICS ON WORLD SHARE OF ISI-WOS PUBLICATIONS AND NO. OF ISI-WOS PUBLICATIONS PER FTE RESEARCHER

0.090.095,860 5,860 bb0.040.04520520 PhilippinesPhilippines7272

0.010.0142,722 42,722 dd0.050.05586586 IndonesiaIndonesia6868

0.060.069,328 9,328 cc0.050.05590590 VietnamVietnam6666

0.120.1212,670 12,670 aa0.130.131,5961,596 MalaysiaMalaysia5050

0.140.1418,114 18,114 bb0.220.222,6152,615 ThailandThailand4343

0.300.3021,359 21,359 aa0.550.556,5286,528 SingaporeSingapore3030

- - -- - - - - -- - -1.361.3616,14716,147 TaiwanTaiwan1818

0.170.17156,220 156,220 aa2.222.2226,43426,434 South KoreaSouth Korea1111

0.080.08926,252 926,252 aa5.965.9670,96270,962 ChinaChina55

0.110.11677,206 677,206 aa6.406.4077,26377,263 JapanJapan22

0.220.221,393,520 1,393,520 aa25.6025.60304,670304,670 U.S.A.U.S.A.11

No. of No. of Publications Publications

per Researcherper Researcher

No. of FTE No. of FTE ResearchersResearchers

% % ShareShare

No. of No. of PublicationsPublicationsCountryCountryRankRank

Sources: ISI-WOS Citation Database and UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data.Sources: ISI-WOS Citation Database and UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data.

Superscripts: a = 2004, b = 2003, c = 2002, d = 2001Superscripts: a = 2004, b = 2003, c = 2002, d = 2001

Table 6: ANNUAL NO. OF ISI-WOS PUBLICATIONS FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND ITS ASEAN NEIGHBORS DURING THE PERIOD 1999-2005

3,4563,456586586540540497497481481506506457457389389 IndonesiaIndonesia

2,9162,916

3,0093,009

8,0068,006

12,60412,604

33,43133,431

TOTALTOTAL

1999-20051999-2005

590590464464510510376376377377328328271271 VietnamVietnam

520520475475467467451451366366387387343343 PhilippinesPhilippines

1,5961,5961,4121,4121,2131,2131,0391,039997997860860889889 MalaysiaMalaysia

2,6152,6152,2992,2992,1002,1001,7661,7661,4661,4661,2721,2721,0761,076 ThailandThailand

6,5286,5285,9555,9555,2185,2184,6204,6204,2494,2493,7323,7323,1293,129 SingaporeSingapore

20052005200420042003200320022002200120012000200019991999CountryCountry

Source: ISI-WOS Citation DatabaseSource: ISI-WOS Citation Database

The supposed Filipino “The supposed Filipino “inventivenessinventiveness”, often touted ”, often touted by Philippine media, is belied by the patent databases by Philippine media, is belied by the patent databases of the of the USPTOUSPTO which show that the total no. of utility which show that the total no. of utility patents granted by the patents granted by the USPTOUSPTO to Philippine-based to Philippine-based inventors was only inventors was only 355355 during the period 1988-2008.during the period 1988-2008.

This was more than Indonesia’sThis was more than Indonesia’s 178 178 and Thailand’sand Thailand’s 303 303 but much less than Malaysia’sbut much less than Malaysia’s 947947, Singapore’s, Singapore’s 4,097,4,097, China’sChina’s 8,975,8,975, South Korea’s South Korea’s 57,968,57,968, Taiwan’s Taiwan’s 70,643,70,643, and Japan’sand Japan’s 725,866725,866, as shown in, as shown in Table 7Table 7 andand Fig. 2.Fig. 2.

What is worse is that most of these seemingly Filipino What is worse is that most of these seemingly Filipino inventions turn out to be inventions filed by Philippine inventions turn out to be inventions filed by Philippine subsidiaries of foreign multinational corporations,subsidiaries of foreign multinational corporations,


Table 7: THE PHILIPPINES’ SHARE OF USPTO PATENTS AS COMPARED TO THOSE OF ITS NEIGHBORS

0.0040.004178178 0.0040.0047575 IndonesiaIndonesia

0.0070.007303303 0.0010.0011919 ThailandThailand

0.0080.008355355 0.0080.008132132 PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES

0.0220.022947947 0.0020.0023434 MalaysiaMalaysia

0.0930.0934,0974,097 0.0050.0057676 SingaporeSingapore

0.2050.2058,9758,975 0.030.03519519 ChinaChina

1.321.3257,96857,968 0.020.02343343 Korea, Rep.Korea, Rep.

1.611.6170,64370,643 0.080.081,3061,306 TaiwanTaiwan

16.5716.57725,866725,866 9.019.01148,024148,024 JapanJapan

57.9457.942,538,2502,538,250 66.566.51,091,4161,091,416 U.S.A.U.S.A.

% Share% ShareTotal No. of PatentsTotal No. of Patents

1988-20081988-2008% Share% ShareTotal No. of PatentsTotal No. of Patents

1963-19871963-1987CountryCountry

Figure 2: INCREASE IN THE NO. OF USPTO PATENTS GRANTED TO NATIONALS OF SELECTED ASIAN COUNTRIES

75 178 19303 132 355

34

947

76

4,097

519

8,975

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Indonesia Thailand Philippines Malaysia Singapore China

1963-1987

1988-2008

Philippine sciencePhilippine science, particularly the natural sciences , particularly the natural sciences and mathematics, is still largely oriented towards, and and mathematics, is still largely oriented towards, and dependentdependent upon, American scientific tradition and upon, American scientific tradition and culture as shown by the continuing preference of local culture as shown by the continuing preference of local scientists to pursue doctoral studies in the U.S.A., to scientists to pursue doctoral studies in the U.S.A., to use American textbooks and equipment, to follow use American textbooks and equipment, to follow American research fashions and directions, and to American research fashions and directions, and to use the American language.use the American language.

Philippine science, therefore, can be characterized as Philippine science, therefore, can be characterized as colonialist science, colonialist science, using Basalla’s model.using Basalla’s model.

STATE OF PHILIPPINE SCIENCE...1STATE OF PHILIPPINE SCIENCE...1

Science and engineering education is in a deplor- Science and engineering education is in a deplor- able state because most of the teachers are able state because most of the teachers are unqualified and most of the laboratory facilities unqualified and most of the laboratory facilities are inadequate. Less than are inadequate. Less than 10%10% of Philippine high of Philippine high school physics teachers have a major in physics.school physics teachers have a major in physics.

Among Asia-Pacific countries, the Philippines has Among Asia-Pacific countries, the Philippines has the lowest percentage of graduate students (less the lowest percentage of graduate students (less than than 10%10%) who are enrolled in local graduate ) who are enrolled in local graduate programs in science and engineering.programs in science and engineering.


In the Philippines at present there are only one or two res- In the Philippines at present there are only one or two res- pectable research laboratories in semiconductors, super- pectable research laboratories in semiconductors, super- conductors, lasers, molecular biology, polymers, liquid conductors, lasers, molecular biology, polymers, liquid crystals, and cold plasmas.crystals, and cold plasmas.

The country has no research laboratory at all in micro- The country has no research laboratory at all in micro- mechanics and nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, mechanics and nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, fiberoptics, recombinant DNA technology, stem cell fiberoptics, recombinant DNA technology, stem cell research, composites and advanced ceramics, smart research, composites and advanced ceramics, smart materials, optoelectronics and integrated optics, advanced materials, optoelectronics and integrated optics, advanced batteries, nonlinear optics, magnetic materials, fuel cells, batteries, nonlinear optics, magnetic materials, fuel cells, photovoltaics, etc.photovoltaics, etc.


The Philippines lacks much needed S&T facilities The Philippines lacks much needed S&T facilities and agencies such as a world-class national and agencies such as a world-class national laboratory for standards, calibration, testing, and laboratory for standards, calibration, testing, and analysis; a national supercomputing center; a analysis; a national supercomputing center; a modern, up-to-date national S&T library.modern, up-to-date national S&T library.

The country also lacks a national center for tech- The country also lacks a national center for technology intelligence, monitoring, and assessment; nology intelligence, monitoring, and assessment; a national center for technology forecasting and a national center for technology forecasting and foresight; and a national center for S&T inform- foresight; and a national center for S&T inform- atics.atics.


OVERALL CONDITION OF PHILIPPINE SCIENCE:OVERALL CONDITION OF PHILIPPINE SCIENCE:

Philippine science is Philippine science is weakweak and and substandardsubstandard even on the even on the

basis of international standards for developing countries as basis of international standards for developing countries as

measured in terms of human and financial resources for measured in terms of human and financial resources for

R&D as well as the outputs of scientific and technological R&D as well as the outputs of scientific and technological

production. production.

Philippine science is also still Philippine science is also still colonialistcolonialist in character, being in character, being

largely oriented towards, and dependent upon, American largely oriented towards, and dependent upon, American

science.science.


Assessment of the Philippine S&T

Linkage Subsystem

The Philippine S&T Linkage Subsystem coincides with The Philippine S&T Linkage Subsystem coincides with the country’s the country’s National Technology Transfer SystemNational Technology Transfer System which is still in the embryonic stage as indicated by which is still in the embryonic stage as indicated by the following:the following:

●The counterpart of the U.S. Bayh-Dole Act has only The counterpart of the U.S. Bayh-Dole Act has only recently been enacted.recently been enacted.

●Technology-business incubators and technology Technology-business incubators and technology parks are still in the embryonic stages.parks are still in the embryonic stages.

●Activities involving university spin-offs and techno- Activities involving university spin-offs and technology entrepreneurship have not yet taken off.logy entrepreneurship have not yet taken off.

ASSESSMENT OF THE NATIONAL TECH TRANSFER SUBSYSTEM...1ASSESSMENT OF THE NATIONAL TECH TRANSFER SUBSYSTEM...1

The National Technology Transfer Subsystem’s The National Technology Transfer Subsystem’s embryonic state: (embryonic state: (cont’d)cont’d)

● The Philippine venture capital industry is still in The Philippine venture capital industry is still in its its infant stage.infant stage.

● A Triple Helix of Government – Academia - A Triple Helix of Government – Academia - Business collaboration has not yet been formed.Business collaboration has not yet been formed.

● Technology commercialization activities leading Technology commercialization activities leading to new or improved technology-based products, to new or improved technology-based products, processes, or services are scarce among processes, or services are scarce among domestic firms.domestic firms.

ASSESSMENT OF THE NATIONAL TECH TRANSFER SUBSYSTEM...2ASSESSMENT OF THE NATIONAL TECH TRANSFER SUBSYSTEM...2

Assessment of the

Philippine S&T Demand Subsystem

The Philippine S&T Demand Subsystem can be identified The Philippine S&T Demand Subsystem can be identified with the country’s with the country’s National Production SystemNational Production System because the because the latter’s exports and imports determine the nature and latter’s exports and imports determine the nature and direction of domestic technology demand:direction of domestic technology demand:

● The PhilippinesThe Philippines exports mostly low value added prod- exports mostly low value added prod- uctsucts such as garments; assembled integrated circuits such as garments; assembled integrated circuits

or or ICs; fashion accessories; gifts, toys, and houseware; ICs; fashion accessories; gifts, toys, and houseware; fresh and processed fruits; tuna, shrimp, and fresh and processed fruits; tuna, shrimp, and

seaweed; seaweed; furniture; and low-end software.furniture; and low-end software.

● The countryThe country imports high-tech productsimports high-tech products such as power-such as power-generating machineries, specialized machineries, generating machineries, specialized machineries,

trans- trans- port equipment, telecommunications equipment, port equipment, telecommunications equipment, com- com- puting equipment, heavy equipment, machine tools, puting equipment, heavy equipment, machine tools,

chemicals, bulk pharmaceuticals, IC wafers, etc.chemicals, bulk pharmaceuticals, IC wafers, etc.

STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T DEMAND SUBSYSTEMSTATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T DEMAND SUBSYSTEM

The Philippines has remained a mereThe Philippines has remained a mere importer and importer and

consumerconsumer of industrial and high technologies and has of industrial and high technologies and has

not yet learned to become a producer and exporter of not yet learned to become a producer and exporter of

advanced technologies.advanced technologies.

Philippine technological capabilities are still largelyPhilippine technological capabilities are still largely

backward and dependentbackward and dependent, being mostly, being mostly adaptive adaptive

relative to industrial technologiesrelative to industrial technologies, and merely, and merely theore- theore-

tical or at most operative relative to high techno- tical or at most operative relative to high techno-

logies.logies.

STATE OF PHILIPPINE TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES...1STATE OF PHILIPPINE TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES...1

The technological capability of theThe technological capability of the National Power Cor- National Power Cor-

poration (NPC or NAPOCOR)poration (NPC or NAPOCOR) is a typical, egregious is a typical, egregious

example of theexample of the low level of technological capabilities low level of technological capabilities

found in most Filipino-owned firms.found in most Filipino-owned firms.

For the past 38 years NPC has never learned how to For the past 38 years NPC has never learned how to

design and construct power plants and has remained design and construct power plants and has remained

dependent on thedependent on the expensive importation of power expensive importation of power

plants through turnkey projects.plants through turnkey projects. Thus, NPC is still Thus, NPC is still

stuck at thestuck at the adaptive level of technological capability.adaptive level of technological capability.

Contrast NPC’s poor track record with thatContrast NPC’s poor track record with that ofof KEPCO.KEPCO.

STATE OF PHILIPPINE TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES...2STATE OF PHILIPPINE TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES...2

The Philippine production system can be characterized as The Philippine production system can be characterized as

● Having low levels of technological capabilities. Having low levels of technological capabilities.

● Being highly dependent on the importation of technolo- Being highly dependent on the importation of technologies though various forms of international technology gies though various forms of international technology transfer from technology purchase, licensing, and sub- transfer from technology purchase, licensing, and sub- concontracting to FDI and joint ventures.tracting to FDI and joint ventures.

● Having no motive or effort to learn and master the Having no motive or effort to learn and master the imported technologies or to move up the ladder of imported technologies or to move up the ladder of technological capabilities.technological capabilities.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHILIPPINE PRODUCTION SYSTEM...1CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHILIPPINE PRODUCTION SYSTEM...1

The Philippine production system can be characterized asThe Philippine production system can be characterized as (cont’d):(cont’d):

● Being averse to local technology sourcing or technolo- Being averse to local technology sourcing or technology transfers from domestic institutional inventors.gy transfers from domestic institutional inventors.

● Lacking competence in technology strategy, techno- Lacking competence in technology strategy, technology management, and technology roadmappinglogy management, and technology roadmapping

● Making do with poor to mediocre product and process Making do with poor to mediocre product and process technologies. technologies.

● Lacking technology-based global competitiveness. Lacking technology-based global competitiveness.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHILIPPINE PRODUCTION SYSTEM...2CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHILIPPINE PRODUCTION SYSTEM...2

OVERALL STATE OF PHILIPPINE TECHNOLOGY

Philippine Technology can be characterized asPhilippine Technology can be characterized as exoge- exoge- nously dependent Technologynously dependent Technology with minimal links to with minimal links to Philippine Science.Philippine Science.

Philippine Technology consists mainly ofPhilippine Technology consists mainly of outdated outdated

Second-Wave foreign-sourced technologiesSecond-Wave foreign-sourced technologies licensed licensed

or procured by local firms through commercial tech- or procured by local firms through commercial tech-

nology transfers and contains very few endogenous nology transfers and contains very few endogenous

technological innovations based on local R&D and technological innovations based on local R&D and

invention.invention.

Political Economic Political Economic Roots Roots of Philippine of Philippine

S&T S&T Laggardness Laggardness and Dependence and Dependence

MAJOR PERSPECTIVES OF POLITICAL ECONOMYMAJOR PERSPECTIVES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

ECONOMIC NATIONALISM, STATISM, ECONOMIC NATIONALISM, STATISM, REALISM, NEOMERCANTILISMREALISM, NEOMERCANTILISM

NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS, NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS, NEOLIBERALISM, THATCHERISM, NEOLIBERALISM, THATCHERISM, REAGONOMICS, WASHINGTON REAGONOMICS, WASHINGTON CONSENSUSCONSENSUS

MARXISM, MARXISM-LENINISM, MODERN MARXISM, MARXISM-LENINISM, MODERN WORLD SYSTEM WORLD SYSTEM THEORY, DEPENDENCY THEORY, THEORY, DEPENDENCY THEORY, NEOSTRUCTURALISMNEOSTRUCTURALISM

■ MERCANTILISMMERCANTILISM

■ LIBERALISMLIBERALISM

■ STRUCTURALISMSTRUCTURALISM

MERCANTILISM :MERCANTILISM :

Gives a Gives a strong role to the Statestrong role to the State in governing and guid- in governing and guid- ing the economy towards the achievement of national ing the economy towards the achievement of national objectives through the use of objectives through the use of industrial policiesindustrial policies..

Advocated by Alexander Hamilton in the USA and Advocated by Alexander Hamilton in the USA and Friedrich List in Germany.Friedrich List in Germany.

Economic nationalist outlook adopting protectionist Economic nationalist outlook adopting protectionist measures as means to catch up with lead states.measures as means to catch up with lead states.

Adopted by Japan and the East Asian NICs as “Adopted by Japan and the East Asian NICs as “East East Asian DevelopmentalismAsian Developmentalism”.”.

LIBERALISM:LIBERALISM:

The political economy perspective of “The political economy perspective of “laissez-fairelaissez-faire”, ”, free trade, reduced role for the State, neoclassical eco- free trade, reduced role for the State, neoclassical economics, privatization, and deregulation.nomics, privatization, and deregulation.

Advocated by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Friedrich Advocated by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Friedrich Hayek, and Milton Friedman and adopted by Margaret Hayek, and Milton Friedman and adopted by Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan.Thatcher and Ronald Reagan.

Became Became “Neoliberalism”“Neoliberalism” with the establishment of the with the establishment of the Bretton Woods institutions, GATT, and WTO.Bretton Woods institutions, GATT, and WTO.

Regarded as synonymous with the Regarded as synonymous with the “Washington“Washington Con- Con- sensus”,sensus”, the dominant policy view at IMF, the World the dominant policy view at IMF, the World Bank, and the U.S. Treasury.Bank, and the U.S. Treasury.

STRUCTURALISM:STRUCTURALISM:

The political economy perspective that maintains the The political economy perspective that maintains the primary importance of structures (class structure, primary importance of structures (class structure, international trade structure) in conditioning society.international trade structure) in conditioning society.

Pioneered by Marx, Lenin as socialism.Pioneered by Marx, Lenin as socialism.

Modern variants in Latin America: Modern variants in Latin America: Modern World Modern World System Theory, Dependency TheorySystem Theory, Dependency Theory, which view world , which view world as divided into core, periphery, and semi-periphery.as divided into core, periphery, and semi-periphery.

Holds that LDCs of the “Holds that LDCs of the “SouthSouth” are dependent on the ” are dependent on the capitalist nations of the “capitalist nations of the “NorthNorth”.”.

As Marxism-Leninism, structuralism subscribes to a As Marxism-Leninism, structuralism subscribes to a socialist state and a centralized planned economy.socialist state and a centralized planned economy.

TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHES...1TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHES...1

POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY APPROACHESAPPROACHES

MERCANTILISM/ MERCANTILISM/ ECONOMIC ECONOMIC

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

LIBERALISM/ LIBERALISM/ NEOCLASSICAL NEOCLASSICAL

ECONOMICSECONOMICS

STRUCTURALISM/ STRUCTURALISM/ SOCIALISMSOCIALISM

TECHNONATIONALISMTECHNONATIONALISM

TECHNOLIBERALISMTECHNOLIBERALISM

TECHNOSTRUCTURALISMTECHNOSTRUCTURALISM

TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL SELF-RELIANCE SELF-RELIANCE

AND CATCH-UPAND CATCH-UP

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY IMPORTATION AND IMPORTATION AND

DEPENDENCEDEPENDENCE

TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE OR INDEPENDENCE OR

TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL

AUTARKYAUTARKY

THREE MAJOR POLITICAL-ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES THREE MAJOR POLITICAL-ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP- ON NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP- MENT AND THEIR EXEMPLARS:MENT AND THEIR EXEMPLARS:

1.1. TECHNO-AUTARKISM TECHNO-AUTARKISM :: North KoreaNorth Korea

2.2. TECHNOLIBERALISM TECHNOLIBERALISM :: PhilippinesPhilippines

3.3. TECHNONATIONALISMTECHNONATIONALISM :: South Korea, South Korea, Japan, Japan,

Taiwan, Taiwan, Malaysia, China Malaysia, China


ELEMENTS OF TECHNO-AUTARKISM:ELEMENTS OF TECHNO-AUTARKISM:

► TRY TO MAKE ALL TECHNOLOGIES BY YOURSELFTRY TO MAKE ALL TECHNOLOGIES BY YOURSELF

► DELINK THE COUNTRY FROM THE WORLD ECONOMYDELINK THE COUNTRY FROM THE WORLD ECONOMY

► BAN TECHNOLOGY IMPORTS AND FOREIGN DIRECT BAN TECHNOLOGY IMPORTS AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTSINVESTMENTS

► IMPOSE STATE CONTROL AND COMMAND OVER THE IMPOSE STATE CONTROL AND COMMAND OVER THE NATIONAL ECONOMYNATIONAL ECONOMY


ELEMENTS OF TECHNOLIBERALISM (1):ELEMENTS OF TECHNOLIBERALISM (1):

► UPHOLD THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE UPHOLD THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE WHICH SAYS THAT A FIRM, INDUSTRY, OR COUNTRY WHICH SAYS THAT A FIRM, INDUSTRY, OR COUNTRY SHOULD SPECIALIZE ON PRODUCTION SYSTEMS THAT SHOULD SPECIALIZE ON PRODUCTION SYSTEMS THAT CAN MAXIMIZE ITS USE OF ITS CURRENT ENDOWMENTS CAN MAXIMIZE ITS USE OF ITS CURRENT ENDOWMENTS OR ITS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEOR ITS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

► IMPORT MOST OF YOUR TECHNOLOGIES AND REFRAIN IMPORT MOST OF YOUR TECHNOLOGIES AND REFRAIN FROM DESIGNING AND PRODUCING YOUR OWN TECHNO- FROM DESIGNING AND PRODUCING YOUR OWN TECHNO- LOGY IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE COMPARATIVE ADVAN- LOGY IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE COMPARATIVE ADVAN- TAGE TO DO SO OR, IN OTHER WORDS, WHEN IT IS TAGE TO DO SO OR, IN OTHER WORDS, WHEN IT IS EASIER AND CHEAPER TO BUY OR LEASE THE TECHNO- EASIER AND CHEAPER TO BUY OR LEASE THE TECHNO- LOGY FROM FOREIGN SOURCES.LOGY FROM FOREIGN SOURCES.


ELEMENTS OF TECHNOLIBERALISM (2):ELEMENTS OF TECHNOLIBERALISM (2):

► ADOPT AN OPEN-DOOR POLICY TO FOREIGN DIRECT ADOPT AN OPEN-DOOR POLICY TO FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS AND TO ALL IMPORTSINVESTMENTS AND TO ALL IMPORTS

► MINIMIZE THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN THE NATIONAL MINIMIZE THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AND REJECT THE USE OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY AND REJECT THE USE OF INDUSTRIAL POLICYPOLICY

► APPLY THE PRINCIPLES OF FREE TRADE, FREE MARKET, APPLY THE PRINCIPLES OF FREE TRADE, FREE MARKET, FREE ENTERPRISE TO S&T DEVELOPMENTFREE ENTERPRISE TO S&T DEVELOPMENT

► JOIN THE WORLD ECONOMY AND PLAY BY THE RULES JOIN THE WORLD ECONOMY AND PLAY BY THE RULES OF THE WB-IMF-WTOOF THE WB-IMF-WTO


ELEMENTS OF TECHNONATIONALISM (1):ELEMENTS OF TECHNONATIONALISM (1):

► STRIVE FOR NATIONAL S&T INDEPENDENCE; IMPORT STRIVE FOR NATIONAL S&T INDEPENDENCE; IMPORT TECHNOLOGIES IN ORDER TO LEARN HOW TO MAKE TECHNOLOGIES IN ORDER TO LEARN HOW TO MAKE BETTER ONES BY YOURSELFBETTER ONES BY YOURSELF

► FORGE GOVERNMENT-BUSINESS PARTNERSHIP (E.G., FORGE GOVERNMENT-BUSINESS PARTNERSHIP (E.G., JAPAN, INC.) TO IMPLEMENT INDUSTRIAL POLICIES, UNI- JAPAN, INC.) TO IMPLEMENT INDUSTRIAL POLICIES, UNI-

FIED NATIONAL S&T AND INNOVATION POLICIES, AND FIED NATIONAL S&T AND INNOVATION POLICIES, AND NATIONAL NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPS.TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPS.

► FORMULATE AND IMPLEMENT AN NATIONAL S&T FORMULATE AND IMPLEMENT AN NATIONAL S&T CATCH-UP PLAN TO UPGRADE S&T RESOURCES AND CATCH-UP PLAN TO UPGRADE S&T RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES TO WORLD-CLASS LEVELSCAPABILITIES TO WORLD-CLASS LEVELS


ELEMENTS OF TECHNONATIONALISM (2):ELEMENTS OF TECHNONATIONALISM (2):

► LET THE STATE APPLY “LET THE STATE APPLY “CARROT-AND-STICKCARROT-AND-STICK” POLICIES ” POLICIES TO PRESSURE LOCAL FIRMS TO CONTINUALLY UP- TO PRESSURE LOCAL FIRMS TO CONTINUALLY UP- GRADE GRADE THEIR PRODUCT AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES THEIR PRODUCT AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES TO TO GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE LEVELS.GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE LEVELS.

► UPHOLD LONG-TERM NATIONAL INTERESTS IN UPHOLD LONG-TERM NATIONAL INTERESTS IN ADOPTING S&T POLICIESADOPTING S&T POLICIES

► PARTICIPATE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY BUT ALWAYS PARTICIPATE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY BUT ALWAYS FIND WAYS OF BENDING OR GOING AROUND THE RULES FIND WAYS OF BENDING OR GOING AROUND THE RULES SO AS TO GAIN NATIONAL COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGESO AS TO GAIN NATIONAL COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHES…7TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHES…7

Technoliberal Roots Technoliberal Roots of of

Philippine Philippine UnderdevelopmentUnderdevelopment

TECHNOLIBERAL ROOTS OF PHILIPPINE UNDERDEVELOPMENT…1TECHNOLIBERAL ROOTS OF PHILIPPINE UNDERDEVELOPMENT…1

The Philippines started its industrialization efforts in The Philippines started its industrialization efforts in the 1950s when a number of import-substituting fac- the 1950s when a number of import-substituting factories were established in light industries.tories were established in light industries.

The Philippines at that time was widely regarded as The Philippines at that time was widely regarded as

second only to Japan in East Asiasecond only to Japan in East Asia in terms of econo- in terms of economic development, educational development, S&T deve- mic development, educational development, S&T development, infrastructural development, industrial development, infrastructural development, industrial development, etc.lopment, etc.

The The Table in the next slideTable in the next slide actually shows that in terms actually shows that in terms of of GDP per capita PPPGDP per capita PPP the Philippines was No. 4 in the Philippines was No. 4 in 19501950 behind Singapore, Japan, and Malaysia. behind Singapore, Japan, and Malaysia.

Table 1: THE GROWTH IN GDP PER CAPITA BY PPP$ OF THE PHILIPPINES AND OF ITS NEIGHBORS

Country 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008

Singapore 3,533 3,426 6,994 14,104 23,143 36,835 45,295

Japan 2,645 5,489 13,375 18,488 25,870 28,559 31,823

Taiwan 1,064 1,679 3,300 6,995 13,361 23,094 28,560

Korea, Rep. 1,054 1,513 2,674 5,076 10,739 17,543 23,824

Malaysia 1,940 1,904 2,587 4,550 6,386 10,161 12,794

Thailand 712 940 1,477 2,227 4,039 5,578 7,776

China 418 592 665 868 1,465 2,564 5,520

Indonesia 704 834 986 1,549 2,097 2,715 3,708

Philippines 1,149 1,584 1,893 2,549 2,386 2,598 3,279

Vietnam 579 696 641 660 894 1,577 2,576

Source: Gapminder.


The Philippines, however, was overtaken by Taiwan in The Philippines, however, was overtaken by Taiwan in 1960, by South Korea in late 1960s, by Thailand in the 1960, by South Korea in late 1960s, by Thailand in the early 1980s, by Indonesia in the late 1990s, and by China early 1980s, by Indonesia in the late 1990s, and by China

inin 2000. 2000.

Thus today or Thus today or about 60 years laterabout 60 years later our country has been our country has been left behind by South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, left behind by South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, China, and Indonesia as they Malaysia, Thailand, China, and Indonesia as they became newly industrialized countries.became newly industrialized countries.

And now Vietnam is about to overtake the Philippines in Vietnam is about to overtake the Philippines in the next few years as the next slide will show.the next few years as the next slide will show.

Figure 1: GRAPH OF THE GROWTH IN GDP PER CAPITA BY PPP$ OF THE PHILIPPINES AND OF ITS NEIGHBORS

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008

Taiwan

Korea, Rep.

Malaysia

Thailand

China

Indonesia

Philippines

Vietnam

After more than 50 years of trying, the Philip- After more than 50 years of trying, the Philip- pines has not yet succeeded in becoming an pines has not yet succeeded in becoming an NIC. Instead, it has become a “SIC” i.e., NIC. Instead, it has become a “SIC” i.e., “severely indebted country.”“severely indebted country.”

After half a century, the Philippines has ended After half a century, the Philippines has ended up as an economic basket case that is able to up as an economic basket case that is able to keep afloat only because of remit- tances keep afloat only because of remit- tances from OFWs (Overseas Filipino Workers)from OFWs (Overseas Filipino Workers)



The stagnation and deterioration of the Philippine The stagnation and deterioration of the Philippine economy can be traced to economy can be traced to its failure to industrializeits failure to industrialize which in turn is rooted in the which in turn is rooted in the technoliberal policiestechnoliberal policies adopted by successive Philippine governments since adopted by successive Philippine governments since 1962 (even during Marcos’ experiment with 1962 (even during Marcos’ experiment with East Asian East Asian developmentalism). developmentalism).

In contrast, strong In contrast, strong technonationalist policiestechnonationalist policies were were adopted by South Korea, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, adopted by South Korea, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam, which enabled them to attain Indonesia, and Vietnam, which enabled them to attain rapid industrialization and economic growth . rapid industrialization and economic growth .

Yet, Dr. Bernardo Villegas, one of the chief propo- Yet, Dr. Bernardo Villegas, one of the chief propo- nents of neoliberalism in the Philippines, has nents of neoliberalism in the Philippines, has blamed our country’s continuing underdevelop- blamed our country’s continuing underdevelopment on thement on the anti-market, protectionist, import-anti-market, protectionist, import-substituting policies adopted by the government substituting policies adopted by the government for 30 years since 1945.for 30 years since 1945.

But he ignores the fact thatBut he ignores the fact that neoliberalism has held neoliberalism has held sway in our country for the past 24 years since sway in our country for the past 24 years since 19861986 which was also the period when we were which was also the period when we were overtaken by Thailand, Indonesia, and China.overtaken by Thailand, Indonesia, and China.

TECHNOLIBERAL ROOTS OF PHILIPPINE UNDERDEVELOPMENT…7

The Philippines’ Vicious Circle of S&T Laggard-Ness and Dependence

THE CENTRAL PROBLEM OF S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES...1

The adoption of technoliberalism has made our na- The adoption of technoliberalism has made our national production systemtional production system dependent on the import of dependent on the import of foreign technologies and eliminated demand for foreign technologies and eliminated demand for domestically created technologies.domestically created technologies.

This almost zero demand in turn has reduced pres- This almost zero demand in turn has reduced pressure on the government and industry to make sub- sure on the government and industry to make sub- stantial investments in S&T development.stantial investments in S&T development.

The underinvestment in S&T in turn has rendered local The underinvestment in S&T in turn has rendered local S&T underdeveloped and unable to meet the needs of S&T underdeveloped and unable to meet the needs of local industry. local industry.

TechnoliberalismTechnoliberalism is the reason why most Fili- is the reason why most Fili- pino-owned firms have remained technolo- pino-owned firms have remained technolo- gically backward and dependent, have conti- gically backward and dependent, have continued to be mere users and importers of foreign nued to be mere users and importers of foreign technology, and have not attained technology-technology, and have not attained technology-based global competitiveness.based global competitiveness.

This has perpetuatedThis has perpetuated aa vicious circle of S&T vicious circle of S&T underdevelopment and dependence,underdevelopment and dependence, which is which is the central problem of national S&T develop- the central problem of national S&T development in the Philippines. ment in the Philippines.

THE CENTRAL PROBLEM OF S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES...1THE CENTRAL PROBLEM OF S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES...1

AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T...1 ASSESSING THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T...1

NATIONAL S&TNATIONAL S&TSUPPLY SUBSYSTEMSUPPLY SUBSYSTEM

EMBRYONICEMBRYONICNATIONALNATIONAL

S&T LINKAGES&T LINKAGESUBSYSTEMSUBSYSTEM

NATIONALNATIONALS&T DEMAND S&T DEMAND SUBSYSTEMSUBSYSTEM

VERY WEAK VERY WEAK SUPPLY SUPPLY

CONDITIONCONDITION

ALMOST ALMOST NON- NON-

EXISTENT EXISTENT LINKAGESLINKAGES

VERY WEAK VERY WEAK DEMAND DEMAND

CONDITIONCONDITION

• VERY FEW VERY FEW RESEARCHERSRESEARCHERS

• VERY FEW AND VERY FEW AND VERY POOR VERY POOR LABORATORIESLABORATORIES

• VERY LITTLE VERY LITTLE PUBLIC AND PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FUNDING PRIVATE FUNDING FOR R&DFOR R&D

• VERY FEW S&T LINKAGES VERY FEW S&T LINKAGES AMONG ACADEMIA, GOV’T. AMONG ACADEMIA, GOV’T.

AND INDUSTRYAND INDUSTRY

• VERY FEW TECHNOLOGY VERY FEW TECHNOLOGY COMMECIALIZATION COMMECIALIZATION PROJECTSPROJECTS

• VERY FEW VERTICALVERY FEW VERTICALTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERSTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS

• VERY LITLE DEMAND VERY LITLE DEMAND FOR LOCAL TECHNOLOGYFOR LOCAL TECHNOLOGY

• OVERDEPENDENCE OVERDEPENDENCE ON TECHNOLOGY ON TECHNOLOGY IMPORTATION IMPORTATION

• LACK OF EFFORTS TO LACK OF EFFORTS TO ASSIMILATE AND MASTER ASSIMILATE AND MASTER IMPORTED TECHNOLOGIESIMPORTED TECHNOLOGIES

THE CONDITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF RESEARCH, THE CONDITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF RESEARCH, INNOVATION, AND PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINESINNOVATION, AND PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINE S&TPHILIPPINE S&TSUPPLY SYSTEMSUPPLY SYSTEM

EXTERNAL BRAIN DRAIN

FIRST WORLD FIRST WORLD S&T SUPPLYS&T SUPPLY

SYSTEMSYSTEMSCIENTIFIC DEPENDENCE

EMBRYONICEMBRYONICPHILIPPINEPHILIPPINE

TECHNO TRANSFERTECHNO TRANSFERSYSTEMSYSTEM

FIRST WORLDFIRST WORLDTECHNO TRANSFER TECHNO TRANSFER

SYSTEMSYSTEM

PHILIPPINEPHILIPPINEPRODUCTION PRODUCTION

SYSTEMSYSTEM

LOW VALUE-ADDED EXPORTS

FIRST WORLDFIRST WORLDPRODUCTION PRODUCTION

SYSTEMSYSTEMTECHNOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE

THE DEPENDENT STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&TTHE DEPENDENT STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T

AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE STATE OF

PHILIPPINE S&T...2

WEAK S&TRESOURCES &CAPABILITIES

CONTINUING SCIENTIFIC& TECHNOLOGICAL

DEPENDENCE

WEAK EFFECTIVEWEAK EFFECTIVEDEMAND FORDEMAND FORLOCAL S&TLOCAL S&T

LOW LEVEL OF PUBLIC & PRIVATE SUPPORT FOR S&T

MACRO VIEW OF THE VICIOUS CIRCLE OF PHILIPPINE MACRO VIEW OF THE VICIOUS CIRCLE OF PHILIPPINE S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND

DEPENDENCE DEPENDENCE


LOCAL FIRM’S LACK OFLOCAL FIRM’S LACK OFR&D TECHNOLOGYR&D TECHNOLOGYFORESIGHT, ANDFORESIGHT, AND

TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENTTECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

LOCAL FIRM’S BACKWARDLOCAL FIRM’S BACKWARDTECHNOLOGIES AND WEAKTECHNOLOGIES AND WEAK

TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIESCAPABILITIES

LOCAL FIRM’SLOCAL FIRM’SIMPORTATION OFIMPORTATION OF

TECHNOLOGIES FROMTECHNOLOGIES FROMABROADABROAD

LOCAL FIRM’SINABILITY OR

UNWILLINGNESS TOMASTER THE IMPORTED

TECHNOLOGIES

LOCAL FIRM’SLOCAL FIRM’SCONTINUINGCONTINUING

DEPENDENCE ONDEPENDENCE ONIMPORTATION OFIMPORTATION OF

MATURE TECHNOLOGIESMATURE TECHNOLOGIES

LOCAL FIRM’SLOCAL FIRM’SLACK OF GLOBALLACK OF GLOBAL

TECHNOLOGY-BASEDTECHNOLOGY-BASEDCOMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS

LOCAL FIRM’SSATISFACTION WITH DOING

BUSINESS IN THEDOMESTIC MARKET

LOCAL FIRM’S LACK OFLOCAL FIRM’S LACK OFDRIVE TO UPGRADE ITSDRIVE TO UPGRADE ITS

TECHNOLOGIES TOTECHNOLOGIES TOGLOBAL STANDARDSGLOBAL STANDARDS

MICRO VIEW OF THE VICIOUS CIRCLE OF PHILIPPINE MICRO VIEW OF THE VICIOUS CIRCLE OF PHILIPPINE S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCES&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCE


Even as the 21st Century has arrived to unfold an in- creasingly globalized, digitalized, and high-tech world, the Philippines is still saddled with a weak, backward, and dependent Science and Technology and with industries that by and large have not yet learned to master even obsolete early-20th century technologies, much less the latest 21st century technologies.

With such poor S&T capabilities, the country cannot hope to have a globally competitive economy in this new century in which competitiveness depends primarily on mastery of state-of-the-art science and technology.

OVERALL STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&TOVERALL STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T

Assessment of the Assessment of the DOST’s DOST’s PerformancePerformance

THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY…1THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY…1

TheThe Department of Science and Technology (DOST)Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the central is the central government agency mandated to provide direction, leadership, and government agency mandated to provide direction, leadership, and coordination to all scientific and technological activities in the coordination to all scientific and technological activities in the Philippines.Philippines.

Evolution of the DOST:Evolution of the DOST:

19581958 — Establishment of theEstablishment of the National Science DevelopmentNational Science Development Board Board (NSDB)(NSDB) by an Act of Congressby an Act of Congress

1981 1981 — Reorganization of the NSDB into theReorganization of the NSDB into the National Science andNational Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)Technology Authority (NSTA) by a decree of Pres. by a decree of Pres. Ferdinand MarcosFerdinand Marcos

1987 —1987 — Upgrading of the NSTA into the presentUpgrading of the NSTA into the present Department ofDepartment of Science and Technology (DOST)Science and Technology (DOST) by virtue of an by virtue of an Executive Order signed by Pres. Corazon AquinoExecutive Order signed by Pres. Corazon Aquino

A. A. The DOST Central AdministrationThe DOST Central Administration

SecretarySecretary

Four UndersecretariesFour Undersecretaries Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development S&T ServicesS&T Services Regional OperationsRegional Operations Special ConcernsSpecial Concerns

Three Assistant Secretaries Administrative and Legal AffairsAdministrative and Legal Affairs Policy and PlanningPolicy and Planning Finance and ManagementFinance and Management

THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY…2THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY…2

B. SECTORAL PLANNING COUNCILSSECTORAL PLANNING COUNCILS —— responsible for formulating sectoral S&T policies, plans, programs, and strategies; program- ming and allocating funds; monitoring R&D projects; and gene-

rating external funds.

• PCARRDPCARRD —— Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources R&DNatural Resources R&D

• PCIERDPCIERD —— Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Philippine Council for Industry and Energy R&DR&D

• PCHRDPCHRD —— Philippine Council for Health R&DPhilippine Council for Health R&D

• PCASTRDPCASTRD — PPhilippine Council for Advanced Science and hilippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology R&DTechnology R&D

• PCAMRDPCAMRD Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine R&DPhilippine Council for Aquatic and Marine R&D


C. C. Research and Development InstitutesResearch and Development Institutes

• ITDIITDI — Industrial Technology Development InstituteIndustrial Technology Development Institute

• PNRIPNRI — Philippine Nuclear Research InstitutePhilippine Nuclear Research Institute

• PTRIPTRI — Philippine Textile Research InstitutePhilippine Textile Research Institute

• FNRIFNRI — Food and Nutrition Research InstituteFood and Nutrition Research Institute

• FPRDI FPRDI — Forest Products Research and Development Forest Products Research and Development InstituteInstitute

• MIRDC MIRDC — Metals Industry Research and Development CenterMetals Industry Research and Development Center

• ASTIASTI — Advanced Science and Technology InstituteAdvanced Science and Technology Institute


D. S&T Service InstitutesD. S&T Service Institutes

• PAGASAPAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services AdministrationAstronomical Services Administration

• PHIVOLCS PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Philippine Institute of Volcanology and SeismologySeismology

• TAPITAPI Technology Application and Promotion InstituteTechnology Application and Promotion Institute

• SEISEI Science Education InstituteScience Education Institute

• STIISTII Science and Technology Information InstituteScience and Technology Information Institute

• PSHSSPSHSS Philippine Science High School SystemPhilippine Science High School System

• TLRCTLRC Technology and Livelihood Resources CenterTechnology and Livelihood Resources Center


E. Advisory BodiesE. Advisory Bodies

• NRCPNRCP — National Research Council of the Philippines— National Research Council of the Philippines

• NASTNAST — National Academy of Science and Technology— National Academy of Science and Technology

F. Regional Offices and Provincial Centers

• Regional Offices of DOSTRegional Offices of DOST — 14 regional offices each of 14 regional offices each of which is headed by a Regional Director under the super- which is headed by a Regional Director under the super- vision of the Undersecretary for Regional Operations.vision of the Undersecretary for Regional Operations.

• Provincial S&T CentersProvincial S&T Centers — 73 Provincial S&T Centers each 73 Provincial S&T Centers each manned by PSTC Officers.manned by PSTC Officers.


ASSESSMENT OF THE DOST’S THRUSTS AND POLICIES…1ASSESSMENT OF THE DOST’S THRUSTS AND POLICIES…1

SHIFTS IN THE DOST’S THRUSTS AND POLICIES SHIFTS IN THE DOST’S THRUSTS AND POLICIES SINCE 1958SINCE 1958

1958 - 1988:1958 - 1988:

FROM FROM NSDBNSDB (1958) TO (1958) TO NSTANSTA (1983) TO (1983) TO DOSTDOST (1987), (1987), THE PRINCIPAL THRUST WAS THE THE PRINCIPAL THRUST WAS THE BUILD-UP OF BUILD-UP OF THE COUNTRY’S S&T SUPPLY SUBSYSTEMTHE COUNTRY’S S&T SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM WITH WITH SOME ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS THE S&T DEMAND SOME ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS THE S&T DEMAND AND LINKAGE PROBLEMSAND LINKAGE PROBLEMS..

1989-1998:1989-1998:

THE DOST UNDERTOOK A SERIES OF ATTEMPTS ATTHE DOST UNDERTOOK A SERIES OF ATTEMPTS AT NATIONAL S&T TARGETINGNATIONAL S&T TARGETING FROM THE NOTION OF FROM THE NOTION OF “LEADING EDGES”“LEADING EDGES” TO THE TO THE “SCIENCE AND TECHNO- “SCIENCE AND TECHNO- LOGY MASTER PLAN (STMP)”LOGY MASTER PLAN (STMP)” TO TO “SCIENCE AND “SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (STAND)”(STAND)” TO THE TO THE “SEVEN-POINT AGENDA”“SEVEN-POINT AGENDA” AND AND “VANGUARD PROJECTS”.“VANGUARD PROJECTS”.


1999-2009:1999-2009:

THE DOST HAS DEEMPHASIZED NATIONAL S&T THE DOST HAS DEEMPHASIZED NATIONAL S&T TARGETING ACTIVITIES, SHIFTING ITS THRUST TO TARGETING ACTIVITIES, SHIFTING ITS THRUST TO THE APPLICATION OF S&T SOLUTIONS TO PRESS- THE APPLICATION OF S&T SOLUTIONS TO PRESS- ING NATIONAL PROBLEMS. ING NATIONAL PROBLEMS.

THOUGH IT HAS CONTINUED TO STRENGTHEN THE THOUGH IT HAS CONTINUED TO STRENGTHEN THE SUPPLY SIDE OF THE NATIONAL S&T SYSTEM, IT SUPPLY SIDE OF THE NATIONAL S&T SYSTEM, IT HAS NOT YET BEEN ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY AD- HAS NOT YET BEEN ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY AD- DRESS, MUCH LESS SOLVE, THE CENTRAL PROB- DRESS, MUCH LESS SOLVE, THE CENTRAL PROB- LEM OF S&T IN THE PHILIPPINESLEM OF S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES: THE VICIOUS THE VICIOUS CIRCLE OF S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND CIRCLE OF S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCE.DEPENDENCE.


USING OUR INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK, WE CAN NOW USING OUR INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK, WE CAN NOW EXPLAIN WHY THE DOST’S THRUSTS, POLICIES, AND EXPLAIN WHY THE DOST’S THRUSTS, POLICIES, AND PROGRAMS HAVE TURNED OUT TO BE FECKLESS AND PROGRAMS HAVE TURNED OUT TO BE FECKLESS AND FUTILE UP TO NOW.FUTILE UP TO NOW.

FOR THE PAST FOR THE PAST 5050 YEARS THE DOST HAS BEEN YEARS THE DOST HAS BEEN MAINLY AND VAINLY TRYING TO MAINLY AND VAINLY TRYING TO ADDRESS THE SUP- ADDRESS THE SUP- PLY SUBSYSTEM OF THE NATIONAL S&T SYSTEMPLY SUBSYSTEM OF THE NATIONAL S&T SYSTEM INSTEAD OF SIMULATANEOUSLY INSTEAD OF SIMULATANEOUSLY AND HOLISTIC- AND HOLISTIC- ALLY TACKLING THE SUPPLY SIDE, DEMAND SIDE, ALLY TACKLING THE SUPPLY SIDE, DEMAND SIDE, AND LINKAGE PART OF THE PHILIPPINE S&T AND LINKAGE PART OF THE PHILIPPINE S&T SYSTEM.SYSTEM.


DESPITE WELL-INTENTIONED EFFORTS, THE DOST DESPITE WELL-INTENTIONED EFFORTS, THE DOST HAS BEEN STYMIED FROM EFFECTING CHANGES IN HAS BEEN STYMIED FROM EFFECTING CHANGES IN THE S&T DEMAND AND LINKAGE SUBSYSTEMS AND THE S&T DEMAND AND LINKAGE SUBSYSTEMS AND BREAKING THE COUNTRY’S VICIOUS CIRCLE OF S&T BREAKING THE COUNTRY’S VICIOUS CIRCLE OF S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCE BY UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCE BY THE THE COUNTRY’S LACK OF A GENUINE NATIONAL INDUS- COUNTRY’S LACK OF A GENUINE NATIONAL INDUS-

TRIALIZATION PLAN, THE LACK OF A NATIONAL TRIALIZATION PLAN, THE LACK OF A NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY CATCH-UP STRATEGY AND TECHNO- TECHNOLOGY CATCH-UP STRATEGY AND TECHNO-

LOGY DEVELOPMENT ROADMAPLOGY DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP, AND THE GOVERN- , AND THE GOVERN- MENT’S ADOPTION OF MENT’S ADOPTION OF POLITICAL ECONOMIC POLI- POLITICAL ECONOMIC POLI- CIES AND PROGRAMSCIES AND PROGRAMS THAT TEND TO PERPETUATE THAT TEND TO PERPETUATE THE AFOREMENTIONED S&T VICIOUS CIRCLE.THE AFOREMENTIONED S&T VICIOUS CIRCLE.


NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE RELATIVE TO THIRD-WAVE INDEPENDENCE RELATIVE TO THIRD-WAVE TECHNOLOGIES IS A SINE QUA NON OF TECHNOLOGIES IS A SINE QUA NON OF GLOBAL INNOVATIVENESS AND COMPETITIVE- GLOBAL INNOVATIVENESS AND COMPETITIVE- NESS IN THE 21ST CENTURY.NESS IN THE 21ST CENTURY.

TECHNOLIBERALISMTECHNOLIBERALISM FOR THE PAST 50 YEARS FOR THE PAST 50 YEARS HAS ENTRAPPED THE PHILIPPINES IN A VI- HAS ENTRAPPED THE PHILIPPINES IN A VI- CIOUS CIRCLE OF S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT CIOUS CIRCLE OF S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCE.AND DEPENDENCE.

CONCLUSION…1CONCLUSION…1

CONCLUSION…2CONCLUSION…2

TECHNONATIONALISMTECHNONATIONALISM, ON THE OTHER HAND, , ON THE OTHER HAND, HAS ENABLED THE NEIGHBORS OF THE PHILIP- HAS ENABLED THE NEIGHBORS OF THE PHILIP- PINES TO OVERTAKE THE COUNTRY IN S&T AND PINES TO OVERTAKE THE COUNTRY IN S&T AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TO APPROACH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TO APPROACH NATIONAL S&T INDEPENDENCE (IN THE CASE NATIONAL S&T INDEPENDENCE (IN THE CASE OF OF THE EAST ASIAN NIC’s)THE EAST ASIAN NIC’s)

TECHNONATIONALISMTECHNONATIONALISM IS WHAT THE PHILIPPINES IS WHAT THE PHILIPPINES NEEDS TO TRANSFORM ITS VICIOUS CIRCLE OF NEEDS TO TRANSFORM ITS VICIOUS CIRCLE OF S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCE TO S&T UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCE TO A VIRTUOUS CIRCLE OF S&T INDEPENDENCE, A VIRTUOUS CIRCLE OF S&T INDEPENDENCE, INNOVATIVENESS AND COMPETITIVENESS.INNOVATIVENESS AND COMPETITIVENESS.

END OF PRESENTATION END OF PRESENTATION

Introduction to the Philippine S& T System

Technology

Transcript of Introduction to the Philippine S& T System