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Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
Introduction to the WTO Wednesday 2 April 2008UNCTAD Elliott Paige, ITTC, WTOSt. Petersburg/Moscow STUDY TOUR
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
4. The GATT/WTO Basic Principles
3. The WTO
2. The GATT Years
1. The modern Multilateral Trading System
5. Doha Development Agenda
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
RULES (“Framework Agreements”) - CP DecisionsRULES (“Framework Agreements”) - CP Decisions“Enabling Clause”Declaration on BOP Measures (Art. XII, XVIII)Safeguards for development purposes (XVIII)Memorandum on Dispute Settlement (Art. XXIII)
Plurilateral Agreements (TOKYO CODES) Plurilateral Agreements (TOKYO CODES) Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)Government Procurement“Subsidies Code” (Art. VI, XVI, XXIII)“Customs Valuation Code” (Art. VII)Import Licensing Procedures“Antidumping Code ” (Art. VI)
Sectorial Agreements (pluri.)Sectorial Agreements (pluri.)Bovine MeatDairy ProductsTrade in Civil Aircraft
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““Annecy Round”Annecy Round”1949194919491949““Torquay Round”Torquay Round”1951195119511951““Geneva Round”Geneva Round”1956195619561956““Dillon Round” - GenevaDillon Round” - Geneva1960-621960-621960-621960-62““Kennedy Round” - GenevaKennedy Round” - Geneva1964-691964-691964-691964-69
Entry into force of the GATT (Provisional application)Entry into force of the GATT (Provisional application)1 Jan. 19481 Jan. 19481 Jan. 19481 Jan. 1948TARIFFTARIFF
TARIFFTARIFF
TARIFFTARIFF
TARIFFTARIFF
NTMs - NTMs - TARIFFTARIFFNTMsNTMs - - TARIFFTARIFF““Tokyo Round” - GenevaTokyo Round” - Geneva1973-791973-791973-791973-79
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
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Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
““Annecy Round”Annecy Round”1949194919491949““Torquay Round”Torquay Round”1951195119511951““Geneva Round”Geneva Round”1956195619561956““Dillon Round” - GenevaDillon Round” - Geneva1960-621960-621960-621960-62““Kennedy Round” - GenevaKennedy Round” - Geneva1964-671964-671964-671964-67
Entry into force of the GATT (Provisional application)Entry into force of the GATT (Provisional application)1 Jan. 19481 Jan. 19481 Jan. 19481 Jan. 1948
TARIFFTARIFF
TARIFFTARIFFTARIFFTARIFFTARIFFTARIFF
NTMs - TARIFFNTMs - TARIFFNTMs - TARIFFNTMs - TARIFF
““Uruguay Round”Uruguay Round”1986-931986-931986-931986-93
““Tokyo Round” - GenevaTokyo Round” - Geneva1973-791973-791973-791973-79
First Attempt to expand GATT - FailureFirst Attempt to expand GATT - FailureNov. 1982Nov. 1982Nov. 1982Nov. 1982
Punta del Este Declaration (Uruguay) Punta del Este Declaration (Uruguay) Sep. 1986Sep. 1986Sep. 1986Sep. 1986
Mid-Term Review (Montreal)Mid-Term Review (Montreal)1988198819881988
Brussels ConferenceBrussels ConferenceDec. 1990Dec. 1990Dec. 1990Dec. 1990
Conclusion of the Round (Adoption of the FINAL ACT)Conclusion of the Round (Adoption of the FINAL ACT)Dec. 1993Dec. 1993Dec. 1993Dec. 1993
Marrakesh Ministerial ConferenceMarrakesh Ministerial ConferenceApr. 1994Apr. 1994Apr. 1994Apr. 1994
Entry into force of the Marrakesh Agreement (WTO)Entry into force of the Marrakesh Agreement (WTO)1 Jan. 19951 Jan. 19951 Jan. 19951 Jan. 1995
End of GATT 1947End of GATT 194731. Dec 199531. Dec 199531. Dec 199531. Dec 1995
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Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
3. The WTO
2. The GATT Years
1. The modern Multilateral Trading System
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
Marrakesh Agreementestablishing the World TradeOrganization
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WTO
WTO
Signed in Marrakesh (April 1994)Signed in Marrakesh (April 1994)
Ratified according to national proceduresRatified according to national procedures
Entered into force in January 1995Entered into force in January 1995
Legally binding (engaging the responsibility of Governments)Legally binding (engaging the responsibility of Governments)
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
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WTO
WTO
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Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
Marrakesh Agreementestablishing the World TradeOrganization
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WTO
WTO
international tradeinternational trade
Goods (GATT 1994 +)Goods (GATT 1994 +)
Services (GATS)Services (GATS)
Intellectual Property (TRIPS)Intellectual Property (TRIPS)
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
Marrakesh Agreementestablishing the World TradeOrganization
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WTO
WTO
Member Driven (151)Member Driven (151)
Serviced by a permanent Secretariat (625 staff)Serviced by a permanent Secretariat (625 staff)
Budget CHF 182’000’000.- (2007) + Trust FundsBudget CHF 182’000’000.- (2007) + Trust Funds
Headquarters in Geneva - SwitzerlandHeadquarters in Geneva - Switzerland
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemM
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WTO
WTO
Marrakesh Agreement OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Raising Standards of livingRaising Standards of living
Ensuring full employmentEnsuring full employment
Ensuring large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand
Ensuring large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand
Expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources
(sustainable development)
Expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources
(sustainable development)
… seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a a manner consistent with
their (the Parties to the Agreement) respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development.
… seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a a manner consistent with
their (the Parties to the Agreement) respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development.
PreambleWTO Agr.
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemM
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WTO
WTO
Marrakesh Agreement FUNCTIONS (1)FUNCTIONS (1)
Framework to facilitate the implementation, administration and operation of WTO Agreements
Framework to facilitate the implementation, administration and operation of WTO Agreements
Forum for multilateral trade negotiations (new rules and disciplines)Forum for multilateral trade negotiations (new rules and disciplines)
Framework to administer the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Dispute (DSU)
Framework to administer the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Dispute (DSU)
Art. IIIWTO Agr.
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemM
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WTO
Marrakesh Agreement FUNCTIONS (2)FUNCTIONS (2)
Framework to administer the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)
Framework to administer the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)
Co-operation with the IMF and the World Bank (coherence in global economic policy-making)
Co-operation with the IMF and the World Bank (coherence in global economic policy-making)
Art. IIIWTO Agr.
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
MINISTERIAL CONFERENCEMINISTERIAL CONFERENCEMINISTERIAL CONFERENCEMINISTERIAL CONFERENCE
(WTO) Secretariat(WTO) Secretariat(WTO) Secretariat(WTO) Secretariat
Appellate Appellate BodyBody
Appellate Appellate BodyBody
PanelPanelPanelPanel
CommitteesCommitteesCommitteesCommittees CommitteesCommitteesCommitteesCommittees
Goods Goods CouncilCouncilGoods Goods
CouncilCouncilServices Services CouncilCouncilServices Services CouncilCouncil
TRIPS TRIPS CouncilCouncilTRIPS TRIPS CouncilCouncil
Committees Committees Working Gr.Working Gr.Committees Committees Working Gr.Working Gr.
GENERAL COUNCILGENERAL COUNCILGENERAL COUNCILGENERAL COUNCILTPRBTPRBTPRBTPRB DSBDSBDSBDSB
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STRUCTURESTRUCTUREWTO Secretariat
Art. IVWTO Agr.
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
How are decisions taken?– by consensus ….
– Otherwise, decisions are taken by a majority of the votes cast and
on the basis of “one Member, one vote”, but …
– amendments to the provisions of the agreements only take effect
for those Members who accept them.
Art. IXWTO Agr.
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WTO
Art. XWTO Agr.
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
Other provisions• Accession (Art. XII)
• Miscellaneous Provisions (Art. XVI)
– ensure conformity of national laws, regulations and administrative procedures
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
Director-GeneralPascal Lamy (France)in place since 1 Sept. 2005for 4 years
Director-GeneralPascal Lamy (France)in place since 1 Sept. 2005for 4 years
Deputy DGHarsha Vardhana Singh (India)
Deputy DGHarsha Vardhana Singh (India)
Deputy DGAlejandro Jara (Chile)
Deputy DGAlejandro Jara (Chile)
Deputy DG Rufus H. Yerxa (USA)
Deputy DG Rufus H. Yerxa (USA)
Deputy DG Valentine S. Rugwabiza (Rwanda)
Deputy DG Valentine S. Rugwabiza (Rwanda)
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemD
ecis
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etc
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Decla
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etc
NEGOTIATING STRUCTURE
NEGOTIATING STRUCTURE
AG Cttee (SS)AG Cttee (SS)AG Cttee (SS)AG Cttee (SS)
TRIPS TRIPS Council (SS)Council (SS)
TRIPS TRIPS Council (SS)Council (SS)
DSB (SS)DSB (SS)DSB (SS)DSB (SS)
CTD (SS)CTD (SS)CTD (SS)CTD (SS)
NG on RulesNG on RulesNG on RulesNG on Rules
NG on MANG on MANG on MANG on MA
CTE (SS)CTE (SS)CTE (SS)CTE (SS)GATS GATS Council (SS)Council (SS)
GATS GATS Council (SS)Council (SS)
Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC)Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC)Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC)Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC)
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
Entry into force of the Marrkesh Agreement (WTO)Entry into force of the Marrkesh Agreement (WTO)1 Jan. 19951 Jan. 19951 Jan. 19951 Jan. 1995
Ministerial Conference - 1st Session (Singapore)Ministerial Conference - 1st Session (Singapore)Dec. 1996Dec. 1996Dec. 1996Dec. 1996
Ministerial Conference - 2nd Session (Geneva)Ministerial Conference - 2nd Session (Geneva)May 1998May 1998May 1998May 1998
Ministerial Conference - 3rd Session (Seattle)Ministerial Conference - 3rd Session (Seattle)Nov. 1999Nov. 1999Nov. 1999Nov. 1999
(Singapore) Ministerial Declaration Ministerial Declaration for the expansion of trade in information technology products (ITA I)
(Geneva) Ministerial Declaration Declaration on electronic commerce
Conclusion of the negotiations concerning trade in financial Conclusion of the negotiations concerning trade in financial services and in basic telecommunicationsservices and in basic telecommunications
1997199719971997
Negotiations on Services, Agriculture, etc (Build-in Agenda) Negotiations on Services, Agriculture, etc (Build-in Agenda) 2000-...2000-...2000-...2000-...
Ministerial Conference - 4th Session (Doha)Ministerial Conference - 4th Session (Doha)Nov. 2001Nov. 2001Nov. 2001Nov. 2001
Ministerial Declaration (”Doha Development Agenda”)
Declaration (TRIPS / Public Health)
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WTO
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemInternational agreementInternational agreementInternational agreementInternational agreement
Unlimited applicationUnlimited application Provisional applicationProvisional application
Establishment of an Establishment of an OrganizationOrganization
Rights and Obligations Rights and Obligations (goods)(goods)
Rights and Obligations Rights and Obligations (goods)(goods)
Rights and Obligations Rights and Obligations (services)(services)Rights and Obligations Rights and Obligations (trade-related IPRs)(trade-related IPRs)
Decision by ConsensusDecision by ConsensusVoting procedure … Voting procedure … but Decision by but Decision by ConsensusConsensus
Weak Dispute Settlement Weak Dispute Settlement MechanismMechanism
Strong Dispute Strong Dispute Settlement MechanismSettlement Mechanism
23 CP in 194823 CP in 1948151 Members in 2007151 Members in 2007
Agriculture , etc...Agriculture , etc...
““Single Undertaking”Single Undertaking”
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WTO
WTO
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
4. The GATT/WTO Basic Principles
3. The WTO
2. The GATT Years
1. The modern Multilateral Trading System
4.4 Special and Differential Treatment (S&D)
4.3 Possibility to correct distortions
4.2 Possibility to take “Adjustment measures”
4.1 Basic Disciplines
4.6 Other Principles
4.5 Horizontal Exceptions
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
4. The GATT/WTO Basic Principles
3. The WTO
2. The GATT Years
1. The modern Multilateral Trading System
4.1 Basic Disciplines
Most-Favoured Nation Principle (MFN)Binding
General Prohibition of QRs
National Treatment
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
4. The GATT/WTO Basic Principles
3. The WTO
2. The GATT Years
1. The modern Multilateral Trading System
4.1 Basic Disciplines
General Safeguard MeasuresBOP-related Safeguard Measures
Special Safeguards
4.2 Possibility to take “Adjustment measures”
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
4. The GATT/WTO Basic Principles
3. The WTO
2. The GATT Years
1. The modern Multilateral Trading System
4.1 Basic Disciplines
Dumping and Antidumping MeasuresSubsidies and Countervailing Measures
Subsidies and Remedies
4.2 Possibility to take “Adjustment measures”
4.3 Possibility to correct distortions
State Trading Enterprises
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
4. The GATT/WTO Basic Principles
3. The WTO
2. The GATT Years
1. The modern Multilateral Trading System
4.1 Basic Disciplines
4.2 Possibility to take “Adjustment measures”
4.3 Possibility to correct distortions
4.4 Special and Differential Treatment (S&D)
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
Developing Countries• Part IV of GATT (1947) – increased trade opportunities
• “Enabling” Clause
• Technical Cooperation and Training
• UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Center (ITC)
• Least Developed Countries (Ministerial Decision)
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
4. The GATT/WTO Basic Principles
3. The WTO
2. The GATT Years
1. The modern Multilateral Trading System
4.4 Special and Differential Treatment (S&D)
4.3 Possibility to correct distortions
4.2 Possibility to take “Adjustment measures”
4.1 Basic Disciplines
4.5 Horizontal ExceptionsGeneral ExceptionsSecurity Exceptions
Waivers
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
4. The GATT/WTO Basic Principles
4.6 Other Principles
Transparency
“Single Undertaking”
WTO Rules and Disciplines: an element of the international public LawPanels and Appellate Body: a delegated and limited jurisdiction
4.1 - 4.5 …..
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
• The work programme lists 21 subjects. The original deadline of 1 January 2005 was missed. So was the next unofficial target of the end of 2006...
• September 2003, Cancun, Mexico, Ministerial Conference ended in discord
• Dec 13-18 2005 - Hong Kong Ministerial Conference
• July 24 2006, - Ministers gathered in Geneva – Talks stalled - Pascal Lamy formally suspends the negotiations.
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
• October 2006 - The US and Russia reach agreement in principle on a bilateral market access deal in the context of Russia's efforts to join the WTO!
• Efforts now focused on trying to achieve a breakthrough in the DDA before late 2008…
• Two main areas of concern are Agriculture and Non-agricultural Market Access (NAMA)
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
• NAMA and Agriculture Chairs Circulated their blueprints for an Agreement (Feb 8 2008)
• AgricultureAgriculture– Domestic Support
– Market Access SensitiveSensitive Products Products –Special Products
– Export Competition
– Next Room E meeting 31 March (Cancelled)
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
• NAMA– Swiss Formula – Flexibilities , SVEs, RAMS, Paragraph 6
• Services– WPDR– Market Access– Safeguards– Signalling Conference??
Next move would be a period for a 'horizontal' negotiation process of cross-sectoral tradeoffs between agriculture and manufacturing trade...
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
• Trade Facilitation– clarify and improve GATT
• Article V (Freedom of Transit),
• Article VIII (Fees and Formalities connected with Importation and Exportation), and
• Article X (Publication and Administration of Trade Regulations).
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
• Rules• Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of
GATT 1994 (better known as the Anti-dumping Agreement);
• Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
• WTO disciplines on fisheries subsidies; and
• WTO provisions applying to regional trade agreements
Introduction to the Multilateral Trading SystemIntroduction to the Multilateral Trading System
SummaryMultilateral Framework of Rules
• Rules negotiated and accepted by all Members under the consensus decision-making process
• Maintaining a basic balance/equilibrium, between
– open and expanding markets; and
– needs and requirements of domestic economic policy: making domestic industries more competitive; protecting environment and consumers; operating an efficient economy; contribute to economic development and growth