Introduction to the Law
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Transcript of Introduction to the Law
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Jody Blanke, ProfessorComputer Information Systems and Law
Mercer University, Atlanta
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Sources of LawConstitutional Law
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Constitutional LawFederal (U.S.) Constitution
With a “capital C”Provides framework for government
Article I – Legislative Branch Article II – Executive Branch Article III – Judiciary Branch
Provides for individual rights Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments)
State Constitutions
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Sources of LawConstitutional LawStatutory Law
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Statutory LawCongress
SenateHouse of RepresentativesAuthorized by Constitution
Enumerated Powers ClauseState Legislatures
Mostly bicameralCodification of common law
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Sources of LawConstitutional LawStatutory LawCase Law
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Case LawFederal Courts
Supreme CourtCircuit Courts of Appeal
11 geographic, plus D.C. and Federal circuitsDistrict Courts
94, at least 1 in each state
State Courts50 different systems
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Sources of LawConstitutional LawStatutory LawCase LawAdministrative Law
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Administrative LawFederal Agencies
Authority from ConstitutionEnabled by CongressProvide needed personpower and expertiseLegislative, executive and judiciary power“Fourth Branch” – “We the People”?
State AgenciesSimilar to federal
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Sources of LawConstitutional LawStatutory LawCase LawAdministrative LawOther
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OtherProclamationsOrdersTreaties
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The Law EvolvesLaws must change as society changesEx. Plessy v. Ferguson (1897)
“Civil War” Amendments14th Amendment
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)14th Amendment
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The Law EvolvesEx. Physician Assisted SuicideRight to refuse treatmentKaren Anne QuinlanLiving willsNancy CruzanDr. KevorkianOregon’s Death with Dignity ActWashington v. Glucksberg and Quill v. Vacco
(1997) S. Court referred to Oregon and the “laboratory of the states”
Washington (2009), Vermont (2013), Montana
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The Law (Usually) Makes SenseMcDonald’s and the Hot Cup of Coffee
Hot Coffee – The Movie
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Federal Court System
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Federal Court System (cont.)
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Federal Court System (cont.)Supreme Court
appellate and original jurisdiction
Courts of Appeal11 geographically divided courts (plus 2
specialty courts)appellate jurisdiction only
District Courts94 courts (1 to 4 per state)original jurisdiction only
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Federal District CourtCriminal CasesCivil Cases
Federal Question JurisdictionDiversity Jurisdiction
complete diversity of the parties amount in controversy greater than $75,000
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State Court Systems50 different systemsSimilar to federal
“triangular” in shapemany courts with limited jurisdiction
GeorgiaSupreme CourtCourt of AppealsSuperior Court
“highest of the low-level courts”Lots of low-level courts
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Georgia Court System
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AppealsGenerally, questions of law are appealed,
questions of fact are notU.S. Supreme Court
Must petition for a writ of certiorari“Rule of Four”8,000 requests per year – 80 granted
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Burden of ProofCriminal case
“beyond a reasonable doubt”burden on prosecution, i.e., state
Civil case“by a preponderance of the evidence”, i.e.,
more likely than notburden on party making the claim, usually the
plaintiff
Ex. O.J. Simpson; Hans Kraus; Andrea Sneiderman
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JurisdictionOriginal (trial) jurisdictionAppellate jurisdictionSubject matter jurisdictionPersonal jurisdiction
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Personal JurisdictionPhysical presence in stateInternational Shoe (1945)
Required sufficient “minimum contacts”Such that jurisdiction would not offend
“traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice”
State “Long arm” statutesTransaction of business in the stateCommission of a tortious act in the stateOwnership of real property in the state
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Personal Jurisdiction and the InternetCompuServe v. Patterson (1996)
Jurisdiction proper – “purposeful availment”Bensusan Restaurant v. King (1997)
No jurisdiction – tortious act requires physical presence
Zippo Manuf. V. Zippo Dot Com (1997)Adopted “sliding scale” test with three points
Clearly does business over Internet, e.g., CompuServe “Passive” Web sites, e.g., Bensusan Middle ground – must determine level of activity
eBay cases – “single sale” doctrine
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