CNCCD – PORTUGUESE NATIONAL COMMISSION TO COMBAT

DESERTIFICATION

Cost “Arid Lands Restoration and Combat of Desertification” –Training School 4 “Indicators of Desertification: Early Warning

Signs”

Introduction to the (11) UNCCD Indicators

Aplication on the Portuguese NAPCD

Lúcio do Rosário (PT UNCCD National Focal Point)

(lucio.rosario@icnf.pt )

University of Lisbon, 19 - 23 May 2014 1

WorldClim Global Climate Data (Hijmans et al. 2005)

PARTICULAR CONDITIONS OF THE NORTHERN

MEDITERRANEAN REGION (UNCCD ANNEX IV REGION)

(a) semi-arid climatic conditions affecting large areas, seasonal droughts, very high rainfall variability and sudden and high-intensity rainfall;

(b) poor and highly erodible soils, prone to develop surface crusts;

(c) uneven relief with steep slopes and very diversified landscapes;

(d) extensive forest coverage losses due to frequent wildfires;

(e) crisis conditions in traditional agriculture with associated land abandonment and deterioration of soil and water conservationstructures;

(f) unsustainable exploitation of water resources leading to serious environmental damage, including chemical pollution, salinizationand exhaustion of aquifers; and

(g) concentration of economic activity in coastal areas as a result of urban growth, industrial activities, tourism and irrigated agriculture.

Parameters, Indicators and Indexes for the Maps of Sensivity to Desertification and Drought in Portugal

Social Indicators Economical Indicadores

Potential Evapotranspiration(Penman Monteith - 1961-90)

(IM, 2003)

Rainfall(1959/60 - 1990/91)(Nicolau / INAG, 2003)

Aridity IndexNew Aridity Map for Portugal ( IM & INAG, 2003)

Slope

Permeability

Superficial stoniness

Texture

Drainage

Soil depth

Sensivity Soil IndexNew Soil Map for Portugal ( ex-IHERA & EAN, 2003)

Climax proximity(Naturalness of stratuns)

Structural cover(Stratum presence)

Ground coverage(%horizontal cover)

Erosion protection

Resistence to drought

Resistence to fire

Vegetation Quality IndexCorine Land Cover (AEA e ex-CNIG, 1987/90)

Irrigated lands(Actual & Projected)

Ocupação do Solo (ex-CNIG, 1995) e Blocos de Rega (ex-IHERA, 2003)

WetlandsOcupação do Solo (ex-CNIG, 1995 e Inf. EDIA)

Urban, Industrial and Turistic lands(Actual & Projected)

Ocupação do Solo (ex-CNIG, 1995)

Land Use Quality Index

Sensivity to Desertification and DroughtContinental Portugal 2003

(DISMED Pt, 2003)

1st Map of Sensibility to Desertification in

Portugal(Pt NAP-UNCCD 1998)

Soil Susceptibility to

Desertification 2003

(Soil Quality Index)

Sensibility to

Desertification and

Drought in Portugal

1960 / 1990 Jun 2003

64%8%

28%

Lower sensivity

Sensivity

Hight sensivity

Decrease of population(% 2000 / 1990)

Population density(Number of inhabitants per Km2)

Population Vitality

IndexOld People Dependency

Index

Illeterate Population

Index

Family Purchaising Power /

MunicipilatyCPA analisys – 1st axis with 77% explanation of (per capita):

Employment on comerce (2001/2)

Employment on tourism and restaurants (INE 2001/2)

Turistic and restaurant enterprises (INE 2001/2)

Gross profits on hotelery sector (INE 2000)

Electricity domestic consumption (DGE 2000)

Fixed telephones numbers (Pt Telecom 1999)

Transation value / urban buildings (INE 2000)

Buildings with elevator (INE 2001)

Gross profits declared for taxes (DGCI 1999)

Singular people profit taxes (DGCI 1999)

Municipalitys propertys transfer taxes (INE 2000)

Municipalitys vehicles taxes (INE 2000)

Municipalitys urban taxes (INE 2000)

Urbanization taxes / nº of inhabitants (INE 2001)

Transation values on bankboxes (SIBS 2000)

Domestic hypothecary credit

Population with higt degree formation (INE 2001)

Divorced population (INE 2001)

Outputs from DesertWatch I (ESA)

Scope Product Year Scale Map unit Area

Pan-European Susceptibility Map

(DISMED)

2004 1:1,000,000 1Kmx1Km Turkey

National

Risk Map

1984, 1994, 2004 1:100,000

Administ.

unit

Approx.

350,000

Km2.

Portugal

Italy

Greece

Turkey

Severity/Recovery Map

Pressure Indicators

State Indicators

Impact Indicators (trends)

Potential Scenarios map

Sub-National

Land degradation index

1984, 1994, 2004 1:50,000 1 Ha.

Approx.

175,000

Km2.

As above

Pressure Indicators

State Indicators

DESERTWATCH I PRODUCTS

Code Product / Indicator

P1 Suscebility to desertification

P2 Spectral mixture analisys (Soil / rock abundance (%))

P3 Forested áreas

P4 Forest fires

P5 Soil siling

P6 Land cover

P7 Forest fragmentation

P8 Rural abandonment

P9 Irrigated areas

P10 ScenDes – Desertificaton scenarios (RIKS)

P11 Land degradation Index / Rain efficiency (EEZA)

Standard deviations of the annual precipitation 2000 /1 – 2009/10 (hydrologic years)

face to the precipitation avarage serie 1980/2010 for the Iberian Península (EEZA 2011)

19

By the UNCCD:

"desertification" means land degradation

in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid

areas resulting from various factors,

including climatic variations and human

activities;

"drought" means the naturally occurring phenomenon that

exists when precipitation has been significantly below

normal recorded levels, causing serious hydrological

imbalances that adversely affect land resource production

systems;

"arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid

areas" means areas, other than polar

and sub-polar regions, in which the

ratio of annual precipitation to potential

evapotranspiration falls within the

range from 0.05 to 0.65;

"affected areas" means arid, semi-arid

and/or dry sub-humid areas affected or

threatened by desertification;

"land degradation" means reduction or loss, in arid, semi-

arid and dry sub-humid areas, of the biological or

economic productivity and complexity of rainfed cropland,

irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and

woodlands resulting from land uses or from a process or

combination of processes, including processes arising

from human activities and habitation patterns, such as:

(i) soil erosion caused by wind and/or water;

(ii) deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or

economic properties of soil; and

(iii) long-term loss of natural vegetation;

THE 10-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN AND FRAMEWORK TO ENHANCE

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION (2008/2018)

Strategic objectives (long term)

1: To improve the living conditions of affected populations

2: To improve the condition of affected ecosystems

3: To generate global benefits through effective

implementation of the UNCCD

4: To mobilize adequate, timely and predictable financial,

technical and technological resources from domestic and

international, public and private sources, including substantial resources from

developed country Parties, to implement the strategy

EXPECTED IMPACTS OF UNCCD 10YS

1.1. People living in areas affected by land degradation and desertification have a more diversified livelihood base and benefit from income generated from sustainable land management

1.2. Affected populations’ socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability to climate change, climate variability and drought is reduced

2.1. Land productivity and other ecosystem goods and services in affected areas are enhanced in a sustainable manner contributing to improved livelihoods

2.2. The vulnerability of affected ecosystems to climate change, climate variability and drought is reduced

3.1. Sustainable land management and combating desertification / land degradation contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and the mitigation of climate change

4.1. Increased financial, technical and technological resources are made available to affected developing country Parties, and where appropriate Central and Eastern European countries, to implement the Convention

4.2. Enabling policy environments are improuved for UNCCD implementation at all levels

STRATEGICAL INDICATORS / 10YS

S1: Decrease in numbers of people affected negatively by processes of desertification / land degradation and drought

S2: Increase in the proportion of households living above the poverty line in affected areas

S3: Reduction in the proportion of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption in affected areas

S4: Reduction in the total area affected by desertification / land degradation and drought (DLDD)

S5: Increase in net primary productivity in affected areas

S6: Increase in carbon stocks (soil and plant biomass) in affected areas

S7: Areas of forest, agricultural and aquaculture ecosystems under sustainable management

S8: Increase in the level and diversity of available funding for combating desertification / land degradation and mitigating the effects of drought

S9: Development policies and mesures address desertification / land degradation and mitigation of the effect of drought

EXERCISE ON PROPOSED REFINEMENT INDICARORS FOR UNCCD

EO

Strategy

Core

Indicator

Recommended set od impact indicators Proposed refinement indicators to test PT aplic

1 - To

improve

the living

conditions

of affected

population

s

S1/2/3 -

Improving

conditions

of poulation

afected by

processes

of DLDD

I – Water availability per capita in

affected areas (n&g)

1 - Water stress (g/n) 4

2 – Pressure on water resources (g/n) 4

3 – Water availability (n/l) 5

4 – Water availability and use (n/l) 5

5 - % of Rural Population with access to (safe)

drinking water (n/l)4

6 – Access to improved drinking water based on

change in water quality (n/l)4

II – Change in land use (n) (also 2

S4)

7 – Land-use system (LUS) and sustainable land

management (SLM) (n/l)5

8 – Land-use system (LUS) and changes in land

use (g/n/l/p)5

III – Proportion of the population in

affected aresa living above the

poverty line (n&g) (also 3)

9 - Rural poverty rate (g/n/l) 4

IV – Childhood malnutrition and/or

food consuption / calorie intake

per capita in affected areas (n)

10 - % chronically undernourished children < age

of 5 in rural areas (n/l)2

11 – Maternal mortality ratio (or rate) (MMR) (n/l) 4

V – The HDI as defined by UNDP

(g)? GLADIS (Soil Health Status) 2

X – Applied under the DesertWatch process; 5 – Applied without limitations; 4 – Applied with some restrictions; 3 – Possible application with limitations; 2 – Difficulties

for application; 1 – Not applied or big difficulties for application

EOStrategy Core

IndicatorRecommended set of impact indicators Proposed refinement indicators to test

Portuguese

aplication

2 – To

improve the

conditions of

ecossystems

S4 -

Reduction in

total area

affected by

DLDD

VI - Level of land degradation

(including salinization, water and

wind erosion, etc.) (n)

12 – Level of land degradation (/ecosystem services

provision capacity (g/n/l)5

13 – Level of land degradation (n/l/p) 5

16 – Trends in seasonal precipitation 5

S5 –

Increases in

net primary

productivity

in affected

areas

VII – Plant and animal biodiversity

(n)

(also 3)

14 – Crop and livestock diversity (agro-biodiversity)

(gn)3

15 – Trends in abundance and distribution of selected

species (g/n/l/p)5

? Soil biodiversity 1

VIII – The Aridity Index (n)

16 – Trends in seasonal precipitation (n/l) 5

17 - Aridity trends and rainfall variability (n/l) 5

? SPI (Drought standard Index) 5

IX – Land cover status (n&g)18 - Land cover (g/n/l/p) 5

19 – Land productivity (g/n/l/p) 4

3 - To

generate

global

beneficts

throught

effective

implementa

tion of the

UNCCD

S6 –

Increases in

carbon

stocks

X – Carbon stocks above and

below ground (n)

20a – Above ground organic carbon stocks (g/n/l/p) 5

20b – Below ground organic carbon stocks (g/n/l/p) 5

S7 – Areas

under

sustainable

management

21 – LUS & SLM practcies (g/n/l/p) (development of

7)5

XI – Land under SLM (n&g) 22 – Land under SLM (n/l/p) 4

EXERCISE ON PROPOSED REFINEMENT INDICARORS FOR UNCCD

X – Applied under the DesertWatch process; 5 – Applied without limitations; 4 – Applied with some restrictions; 3 – Possible application with limitations; 2 – Difficulties

for application; 1 – Not applied or big difficulties for application

Strategic Objective 1: To improve the living conditions of affected populations

i1 - Poverty rate/Relative income (including a rural component) - Poverty rate: with the understanding of

moving towards the poverty gap or poverty severity indicators as identified in and to be streamlined with the World

Bank; the poverty severity indicator takes into account not only the distance separating the poor from the poverty

line (poverty gap), but also the inequality among the poor; Relative income: chosen as an alternative to the ‘poverty

rate’ indicator for those countries where poverty is no longer an issue, and SO1 has in this sense already been

reached

i2 - Water availability (including access for humans and animals) - with the 'health warning' that this indicator

cannot be aggregated, i.e. adding the context-specific stor(y)(ies) will be of utmost importance to

understand/interpret this indicator

Strategic Objective 2: To improve the condition of ecosystems

i3 - Changes in land cover status - this indicator relates specifically to the ecosystem condition by

characterizing the spatial structure of land cover and its implications for ecosystem conditions; it should explicitly

include a specific class on natural habitats (quantity, and if possible quality)

i4 - Changes in land productivity - in contrast to the ‘land cover status’ indicator, this indicator focusses on

services provided, and should include the change in quality and quantity of productive lands; if available, to be

streamlined with estimates under the World Atlas of Desertification initiative

Strategic Objective 3: To generate global benefits through effective implementation of the UNCCD

i5 - Changes in soil organic carbon stock / total terrestrial system carbon stock - if operational, to be

streamlined with the GEF-co-financed/UNEP Carbon Benefits Project

i6 - Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species, in particular the Global Wild Bird Index

component - as identified in and to be streamlined/coordinated with the indicator process of the Convention on

Biological Diversity (CBD)

Proposed refinements to the minimum set of provisionally adopted progress indicators(Adopted on COP 11 – Windhoek 2013)

By UNCCD COP 11 the following categories of affected and

threatened areas are recommended to be distinguished:

Potentially affected: where desertification is possible, but SLM

strategies are sufficient;

At risk (of being affected): where a concentration of desertification

drivers has been detected. Prevention measures to increase options

and deactivate drivers are required;

(Actually) affected: where growing evidence of land degradation can

be reported and drivers of desertification are active. Explicit

adaptation, removal of drivers and land rehabilitation are urgent;

Inherited (desertification): where desertification drivers have

disappeared and their land degradation sequels/symptoms remain.

Land rehabilitation/restoration is only necessary in those areas

where natural recovery is impossible or too slow.

i0i – Susceptibility to desertification areas

33Sanjuan et al. 2011

Aridity classes1960 – 1990

%

1970 – 2000

%

1980 – 2010

%

2000 – 2010

%

Semi-arid 28 24 31 45

Dry Sub-

humid8 29 28 18

Dry Areas 36 53 58 63

Wet Sub-

humid9 10 9

Wet 37 33 29

Wet Areas 64 46 42 3734

Desertification Suscetibility Areas Evolution in Portugal Continental

on the last 50 years

35

Aridity increase

1980 / 2010

In relation with

1960 / 1990

Arididity Index Changes 1970 / 2000 for 1980 / 2010 (%)

i0ii – Population of the affected areas

2001

40

Relative importance of rural poopulation on the

total of the residente population

(2011- Recenseamentos da Agricultura 2009)

Variabilty of the rural population 1999-2009 (%) (Roca 2011)

25,026,0

24,9 25,324,4

25,3

19,418,5 18,1 18,5 18,5

17,9 17,9 18,0 17,9

41,0 41,040,0

41,5 41,5

43,442,5

45,4

38,0 38,0 38,037,0

35,4

33,7 34,2 34,5

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

População em risco pobreza ou

exclusão social (UE2020)

Taxa de risco de pobreza (após

transferências sociais)

Taxa risco de pobreza (antes de

transferências sociais)

Coeficiente de Gini (%)

i1 - Poverty rate / Relative income

(including a rural component)

Per capita Purchaising

Power / Municipilaty

Poverty rate/Relative income

Per capita

Purchaising Power /

Municipilaty

Infant mortality

Transfer of social grants

i2 - Water availability

(including access for humans

and animals)

Relative water demand by sector and total

y = 0,0451x3 - 188,55x2 + 261213x - 1E+08R² = 0,9934

0

2 000 000

4 000 000

6 000 000

8 000 000

10 000 000

12 000 000

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Anos

Continente

Ilhas

Total

Polinomial(Total)

i3 - Changes in land cover status

PT population evolution

-50-

0

1 000 000

2 000 000

3 000 000

4 000 000

5 000 000

6 000 000

1874 1902 1910 1958/65 1995 2005 2010

Floresta

Matos e matagais

Agricultura

Linear (Floresta)

Linear (Matos e

matagais)

Linear (Agricultura)

LAND COVER NFI 2005 AND SD AREAS 2000 / 2010

Land CoverNFI Plots

Total PT Cont% Total

NFI Plots

SD Areas

% Total SD

Areas

% Total U

Territory

Forest 125.542 35,23 75.966 34,09 60,51

Schrubs 81.781 22,95 40.451 18,15 49,46

Agriculture 125.969 35,35 93.411 41,92 74,15

Wetlands 6.399 1,80 4.903 2,20 76,62

Other uses 16.613 4,66 8.090 3,63 48,70

TOTAL 356.304 100,00 222.821 100,00 62,54

c. 25 ha/ Plot

Mobilização mínima no total das

culturas

temporárias mobilizadas

Sementeira direta no total culturas t

emporárias mobilizadasCobertura do solo nas terras aráveis

no Inverno 2008/2009

Culturas permanentes com

enrelvamento de entrelinhas Terras aráveis com mesma cultura

últimos 3 anos até 2009SAU modo produção biológico

por tipo

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

Montados

Carvalhais e Castanheiros

Eucaliptais e Acaciais

Pinhais

FOREST COVER / SD AREAS 2000 / 2010

Land Cover Plots Total PC %Plots SD

areas%

% Total U

Terrutory

Quercus suber 26.748 21,31 26.572 34,98 93,34

Quercus ilex 11.332 9,03 11.261 14,82 99,37

Other Quercus 5.902 4,70 1.924 2,53 32,60

Castanea sativa 1.196 0,95 479 0,63 40,05

Eucaliptus sp. 30.833 24,56 14.313 18,84 46,42

Ac´cias sp. 197 0,16 37 0,05 18,78

Other leved trees 3.737 2,98 1.621 2,13 43,38

Pinus pinaster 32.177 25,63 7.986 10,51 24,82

Pius pinea 4.094 3,26 4.005 5,27 97,83

Other conifers 804 0,64 323 0,43 40,17

New formations 7.311 5,82 6.581 8,66 90,02

Other forest 1.211 0,96 864 1,14 71,35

TOTAL 125.542 100,00 75.966 100,00 60,51

Áreas suscetíveis à desertificação

e ocupação florestalÁreas 2010 e Evolução 1995 / 2005

Tree speciesPortugal

Areas Suscetíveis à

Dedertificação

(1000 ha) (1000 ha) (%)

Pinheiro bravo 714 192 27%

Eucalipto 812 364 45%

Sobreiro 732 732 99%

Azinheira 331 330 100%

Outros carvalhos 67 20 31%

Pinheiro manso 176 173 98%

Castanheiro 41 12 29%

Alfarrobeira 12 12 100%

Acácias 5 1 21%

Outras folhosas 178 67 38%

Outras resinosas 73 30 42%

i4- Changes in

land productivity

LAND COVER STATUS:

STATES

Sanjuan et al. 2011

LDI LEGEND OF LAND STATES

Legend caption Interpretation

Overperforming

anomaly

Vegetation well above the maximum RUE found in rainfed conditions.

e.g. irrigated crops.

Reference

performance

Vegetation within the confidence interval of maximum RUE.

e.g. undisturbed natural vegetation.

Range performance:

mature

Vegetation with a relatively high biomass but a relatively low productivity.

e.g. areas under low intensity grazing.

Range performance:

productive

Vegetation with both relatively high biomass and productivity.

e.g. initial phases of overgrazing or incipient degradation.

Range performance:

degraded

Vegetation with a relatively low biomass but a relatively high productivity.

e.g. well established degradation associated with overgrazing or decaying rainfed

crops.

Range performance:

very degraded

Vegetation with both relatively low biomass and productivity.

e.g., advanced degradation due to recent overgrazing or soil exhaustion after

intensive crop management.

Baseline

performance

Vegetation within the confidence interval of minimum RUE.

e.g. vegetation limited by other factors than rain, such as saline areas.

Underperforming

anomaly

Vegetation well below the minimum RUE.

e.g. heavily disturbed areas.

Non assignedVegetation excluded from the assessment for methodological reasons.

e.g. locations in the wet extreme of the aridity gradient. Also masked territory

(snow, etc.)

Sanjuan et al. 2011

LAND COVER STATUS:

TRENDS

Sanjuan et al. 2011

LDI Trends legend interpretation

Improving - Biomass accumulation over time, whatever the

response to interannual variations of aridity. Typically, ongoing

ecological succession after a disturbance or land abandonment;

Fluctuating - Biomass fluctuates according to the year rainfall,

but with no significant variation on the long term. For example,

rainfed crops or grasslands dominated by annual plants;

Static - No response detected over time neither to changing

rainfall within the study period;

Degrading - Biomass depletion over time, whatever the response

to interannual variations of aridity. Typically, ongoing

degradation processes. Recently burnt areas may also be

included;

Changes in land productivity

Sanjuan et al. 2011

66

Areas Affected by

Desertification 2000 – 2010

in Portugal Continental

DESERTIFICATION AFECTED AREAS IN PORTUGAL CONTINENTAL (2000 / 2010)

Areas (ha) Degrading Fluctuating Static Improving TotalUnderp 1.575,37 3.874,32 6.014,36 2.492,35 13.956,40

% 0,03 0,07 0,11 0,04 0,25Baseline 156,76 3.074,89 1.035,94 905,91 5.173,50

% 0,00 0,06 0,02 0,02 0,10Very degrated 9.400,01 412.188,84 202.518,91 201.972,10 826.079,86 1.592.788,34

0,02 7,39 3,63 3,62 14,6628,40% SA (17,9%PC)

Degrated 10.267,03 545.318,99 120.669,82 90.452,64 766.708,480,18 9,78 2,16 1,62 13,74

Productive 18.186,60 1.261.350,23 410.269,43 482.075,50 2.171.881,76% 0,33 22,62 7,36 8,65 38,96

Mature 30.923,30 307.928,52 338.133,25 267.783,90 944.768,97 1.216.996,63% 0,55 5,52 6,06 4,80 16,93 21,81 % SA

Reference 7.953,75 142.595,20 58.694,55 62.984,16 272.227,66% 0,14 2,56 1,05 1,13 4,88

Overpassed 24.550,49 201.360,81 167.517,90 118.348,20 511.777,40% 0,44 3,61 3,00 2,12 9,17

Non assigned 16.034,72% 0,29

Em branco 47.071,20% 0,84

Total 103.015,00 2.877.743,41 1.304.877,55 1.227.036,76 5.512.672,72

%1,69 % SD (1,1% PC) 51,61 23,39 22,00 99,82

Based in Sanjuan et al. 2011

LDI TRENDS & YEARS OF FIRE 2000 / 2010

TENDÊNCIA 1 2 3 4 5Área Ardida

(ha)

% área ardida / classe

% área ardida total

DEGRADING 15.537,47 671,61 14,63 0,00 0,00 16.223,71 12,94 1,20

FLUCTUATING 270.295,46 18.876,30 3.767,21 498,03 93,22 293.530,22 9,34 21,75

IMPROVING 301.159,99 59.498,64 12.419,67 2.664,51 328,95 376.071,76 13,39 27,86

STATIC 582.525,39 67.586,67 11.371,64 2.269,78 278,36 664.031,84 24,90 49,19

TOTAL 1.169.518,31 146.633,22 27.573,15 5.432,32 700,53 1.349.857,5 15,44 100

LDI - TENDÊNCIA% da área ardida por classe reincidência % área ardida

/ classe -reincidência

1 2 3 4 5

DEGRADING 12,39 0,54 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,55

FLUCTUATING 8,60 0,60 0,12 0,02 0,00 0,74

IMPROVING 10,73 2,12 0,44 0,09 0,01 2,67

STATIC 21,84 2,53 0,43 0,09 0,01 3,06

TOTAL 13,38 1,68 0,32 0,06 0,01 2,06

i5 - Changes in soil organic carbon stock / total

terrestrial system carbon stock

C_1ª5HaTot = 5,391 +0,071*RyMy

+20,925*Fac_AF -0,004*Rmcd

+4,659*Mprc

R2 = 0,580 (N=210) DW=1,876 (dL=1,745;

dU=1,803)

STEPWISE REGRESSION MODEL FOR

CO2 IN PORTUGUESE SOILS

(2005/1999)

Changes in soil organic carbon stock/total

terrestrial system carbon stock

Soils 0-40 cm

1995-2005

Litter

1995

Pinus pinaster 116 3

Quercus suber 54 2

Eucaliptus 68 1

Quercus ilex 58 2

Other quercus 98 2

Other broad leaved trees 88 2

Pinus pinea 38 2

Other conifer 77 4

Dry crops 38 0

Irrigated crops 54 0

Vineyards 40 0

Olive trees 55 0

Other permanent crops 42 0

Schrublands 91 1

Organic carbon stocks on the portugueses soils

/ dominant typs of land cober (Gg C.kha-1.y-1)

i6 - Trends in abundance and distribution of selected

species (the Global Wild Bird Index)

Circaetus galicus – Douro Internacional

Hotspots de biodiversidade no Mediterrâneo

(WWF / UNEP 2008)

79

-81-Foto Lince (Exp Jardim Botánico Tropical) 22Mai2009

1) What is the greatest achievement of

your country in relation to

combatting desertification, land

degradation or mitigating the effects

of drought?

2) What achievemet could not have

been accomplished without the

existence of the Convention

(UNCCD) ?

REFERENCES

ENNE, Giuseppe & Claudio Zucca (2000) - Desertification indicators for theEuropean Mediterranean Region. State of the art and possible methodologicalapproaches, ed. ANPA, Roma.

GENÉSIO, Lorenzo (2003) – Aproximações à cartografia do Índice de Aridezpara a Região Mediterrânica, com. apresentada ao Workshop DISMED“Necessidades dos Decisores e Cartografia das Dinâmicas da Desertificação,em 11 a 14 de Junho, Sesimbra.

INE (2009) – Recenseamento da Agricultura, Lisboa.

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