Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Miles Logsdon [email protected]
Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon...
![Page 1: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies
in the Earth Sciences
Miles [email protected]://faculty.washington.edu/~mlog Or http://sal.ocean.washington.edu/people
ORWhat is GIS/RS and what can it do for me?
OR
Why is Miles on the faculty in this College?
![Page 2: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“Our” agenda today
What are “spatial information technologies? What is the difference between GIS, Spatial
Analysis, and Spatial Data Analysis? What is the difference between a Spatial
model and a Spatial Explicit Model What is a theoretical basis for the application
of GIS and spatial data analysis in Ecological Studies?
What research “methods” or “tools” directly apply between the two fields?
![Page 3: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
My agenda
• Show you pretty pictures
• Talk about myself• Justify our time
together• Stop talking - Sooner
or laterSpatial
InformationTechnologies
GIS - GPS – Remote Sensing
![Page 4: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Spatial Information Technologies
• Geographic Information Systems – GIS• Global Positioning System – GPS• Remote Sensing and Image Processing - RS
Technologies to help answer:• What is “here”? … give a position • What is “next” to “this”? … given some description• Where are all of the “???” … detecting or finding• What is the spatial pattern of “???”• When “X” occurs here, does “Y” also occur?
![Page 5: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GISGeographic Information System
GIS - A system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing, and disseminating information about areas of the earth. (Dueker and Kjerne 1989, pp. 7-8)
GIS - The organized activity by which people •Measure aspects of geographic phenomena and processes; •Represent these measurements, usually in a computer database;•Operate upon these representations; and •Transform these representations. (Adapted from Chrisman, 1997)
A KEY POINT: Geo-referenced Data
![Page 6: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Suggested Reading
• Chrisman, Nicholas, 1997, “Exploring Geographic Information Systems”, John Wiley & Sons,
• Burrough, P. A., 1986, “Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment”, Monographs on Soil and Resources Servey #12, Oxford Science Publications
• Miller, Roberta Balstad, 1996, "Information Technology for Public Policy", in GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues, editors, Michael F. Goodchild, Louis T. Steyaert, Bradley O. Parks, Carol Johnston, David Maidment, Michael Crane, and Sandi Glendinning, GIS World Books.
• Goodchild, Michael F., "The Spatial Data Infrastructure of Environmental Modeling", in GIS and Environmental Modeling: (see above).
• Faber, G. Brenda, William W. Wallace, Raymond M. P. Miller, "Collaborative Modeling for Environmental Decision Making", proceedings of the GIS'96 Tenth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems, Vancouver, B.C., March 1996.
![Page 7: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The larger context
(Chrisman, 1997)
![Page 8: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Concept of Spatial Objects
• POINTS
• LINES
• AREA
0 00
00 0 0
01
POINT
1
0
1
11
0 0
00
0
5 5 3
3311 2
LINE
AREA
Raster Data Encoding
Vector Data Encoding
![Page 9: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Vector - TopologyObject Spatial Descriptive
1
2 3
45
15
1211
10
123
x1,y1x2,y2x3,y3
123
12
12
12
12
VAR1 VAR2
VAR1 VAR2
VAR1 VAR2
Fnode Tnode x1y1, x2y2
1 2 xxyy, xxyy2 3 xxyy,xxyy
10, 11, 12, 1510, …….
1
2 3
1
2
Vector - TopologyData Relationships are invariant to translation and rotation
![Page 10: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Map AlgebraRaster topology
In a raster GIS, cartographic modelingis also named Map Algebra.
Mathematical combinations of raster layers several types of functions: • Local functions – do not consult the 8 neighbors• Focal functions – function on the “kernel” of neighboring cells• Zonal functions – function on cells that test true in a different layer• Global functions – based upon the distribution of “all” cells
Functions can be applied to one or multiple layers
![Page 11: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Focal Function: Examples
2 0 1 1
2 3 0 4
2 1 1 2
2 3 3 2
2 0 1 1
2 3 0 4
4 2 2 3
1 1 3 2
•Focal Sum (sum all values in a neighborhood)
=
=
•Focal Mean (moving average all values in a neighborhood)
1.8 1.3 1.5 1.5
2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8
2.2 2.0 2.2 2.3
2.0 2.2 2.3 2.5
(3x3)
(3x3)16 13
17 19
![Page 12: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Spatial Data Analysis
The accurate description of data related to a process operating in space, the exploration of patterns and relationships in such data, and the search for explanation of such patterns and relationships
Spatial Analysis vs. Spatial Data Analysis
Spatial Analysis = what is here, and where are all the X’s ???
Spatial Data Analysis = observation data for a process operating in space and methods are used to describe or explain the behavior, and/or relationship with other phenomena.
![Page 13: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GPS – Finding distance by measuring
time
X
A B
u
4:00 p.m. >> << 7/100 of a secondafter 4:00
G J K E T Y U O W V W T D H K …
G J K E T Y U O W ...
Receiver:Satellite:
• The precise location is determined by the intersection of 4 spheres of “time”
GPS SV
![Page 14: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Satellite Remote Sensing
June 27, 2001
![Page 15: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A “zonal” function between 3 raster layers
SeaWifs, April 24, 1999
Thanks to Seelye Martion
![Page 16: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PATTERN: (Landscape Ecology)
• Structure = the spatial relationships among the distinctive ecosystems or “elements”
• Function = the interactions among the spatial elements
• Change = the alteration in the structure and function of the ecological mosaic over time
![Page 17: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Landscape Structure Physiognomy / Pattern
• Composition = The presence and amount of each element type without spatially explicit measures.– Proportion, richness, evenness, diversity
• Configuration = The physical distribution in space and spatial character of elements.– Isolation, placement, adjacency
• ** some metrics do both **
![Page 18: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Types of Metrics
• Area Metrics• Patch Density, Size and Variability• Edge Metrics• Shape Metrics• Core Area Metrics• Nearest-Neighbor Metrics• Diversity Metrics• Contagion and Interspersion Metrics
![Page 19: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Represent the Represent the DataData
Explore the DataExplore the Data
Fit a ModelFit a Model
Perform Perform DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Compare the Compare the ModelsModels
Structured Process in Structured Process in GeostatisticsGeostatistics
![Page 20: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Introduction to GeostatisticsZ(s)
D • D is the spatial domain or area of interest
• s contains the spatial coordinates
• Z is a value located at the spatial coordinates
{Z(s): s D}Geostatistics: Z random; D fixed, infinite, continuousLattice Models: Z random; D fixed, finite, (ir)regular gridPoint Patterns: Z 1; D random, finite
![Page 21: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Merge Bathymetry & Topography
Thanks to David Finlayson
![Page 22: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Puget Sound DEM: Resolving Coast Geomorphology
Thanks to David Finlayson
![Page 23: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dec. 1998
June, 1981Classified “land surface” response
![Page 24: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep
Ocean Remote Sensing:
SeaWifs, 1999, 1km monthly mean chlorophyll-a estimates
Our collectionPacific Northeast, Apr – Sep, 1999 - 2002
![Page 25: Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences Miles Logsdon mlog@u.washington.edu mlogmlog.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d3b5503460f94a15f4c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Flying