Introduction to Some New Era Fields in Pakistan
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Transcript of Introduction to Some New Era Fields in Pakistan
RS, GIS, Geomatics and its applications to Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Emerging New Subjects and their applications
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Introduction to New Fields
Remote Sensing
(RS)
Geographic
Information
System (GIS)
Geomatics
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PART - 01
Remote Sensing + Image Processing
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Introduction to Basics
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Remote Sensing (RS)
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in
direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
The science (and art) of acquiring information about an object, without entering
in contact with it, by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and
processing, analyzing, and applying that information.
Information usually gathered from spacecraft or an airplane.
In from of aerial photographs to satellite images.
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Remote Sensors …
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Eyes Ears
Binoculars Digital Camera
Pigeon Cameras
1903
Types of Remote Sensing
Types
Terrestrial
RS
Optical 300nm – 3000nm
Thermal >3000nm-14,000nm
Microwave 1mm-1m
Celestial
RS
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VISION
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HUMAN’s EYE
Rods (to see objects at night) = 7 million
Cones (to see colors) = 100 million
CAT’s EYE
Rods (to see objects at night) =~ 21 million
Cones (to see colors) =~ far less
The basic principle of remote sensing is based upon the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atmosphere and the
earth. Electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from an object is the usual source of remote sensing data.
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Wavelength
Frequency
(how many times peak
passes per second)
Light - can be thought of as a wave in the 'electromagnetic field' of the universe
A wave can be characterized by its wavelength or its frequency
Remote sensing is
concerned with the
measurement of EMR
returned by the earth’s
natural and cultural features
that first receive energy
from the sun or an artificial
source such as a radar
transmitter.
Blue green yellow red
1020 Hz 1018 Hz 1016 Hz 1014 Hz 1012 Hz 1010 Hz
1 pm 10pm 10 nm 1 micron 100 microns 1 mm 100 mm
vi-si-ble
Gamma Rays
X-Rays UV N. IR
Th.IR
Microwaves
Radar
TV FMRadiowaves
0.4 m 0.5 m 0.6 m 0.7 m
MidIR
Far IR
Visible light contains light
from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers
Infrared light from 0.1
micrometers to 1 millimeter
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Resolutions
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Resolutions
SPATIAL
Smallest
identifiable area as
a discrete object in
an image
SPECTRAL
No. of frequencies
recorded = sensors
TEMPORAL
Time interval
between
measurements
RADIOMETRIC
Intensities
identified by
sensors
Image is the Pictorial Presentation of Raster. Pixels are called as Picture elements. Size of Pixel gives the Resolution of the image. Smaller the
Pixel size Larger will the Resolution. Every Raster is not image but every image is a Raster.
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SPATIAL RESOLUTION
* Vegetation in Yellowish green, * Vegetation in Red.
* Water in Gray, * Water in Black.
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SPECTRAL RESOLUTION
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Spectral
Resolution
MSS Multi-spectral Bands: 3-14
Hyper-spectral Bands: 24-224
Temporal Resolution (Example: for satellite in Red and Black colors)
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Time
July 1 July 12 July 23 August 3
11 days
16 days
July 2 July 18 August 3
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
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1023
6-bit range
0 63
8-bit range
0 255
0
10-bit range
2-bit range
0 4
RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION
Resolution of Satellite Systems
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SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS
NOAA-AVHRR (1100 m)
GOES (700 m)
MODIS (250, 500, 1000 m)
Landsat TM and ETM (30 – 60 m)
SPOT (10 – 20 m)
IKONOS (4, 1 m)
Quick-bird (0.6 m)
*LAC: Local Area Coverage
*GAC: Global Area Coverage
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Serial
No.Satellites
Altitude
(km)Bands (µm) Multi-spectral (m)
Panchromatic
(m)
Thermal
(m)Purpose
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October 23, 2005 Dust storm in Chad at 250 m resolution, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer) NASA Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 705 km, sun-synchronous orbit, 1-2 day for all of earth, 250 m, 500 m, 1000 m resolution. NASA
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MODIS (250 m)
30 m resolution and 60 m resolution (thermal), 705 km orbit, 7 bands including thermal infrared, Manhattan, KS. Image, 2000 (USGS-
EROS)
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LANDSAT (30 m)
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IKONOS (04 m)
MSS
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SPOT (2.5 m)
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IKONOS (01 m)
(Panchromatic)
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Quick Bird (0.6 m)
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Imagery and their price ranges
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Imagery free of cost
Introduction to Basics
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Image Processing
Digital image processing is a technology of applying a number of computer
algorithms to process a digital image.
Back in 1980’s, after computer gain enough speed and memory.
It includes:
Image acquisition
Image processing
The result can either:
An image.
Or a set of representative characteristic of original image.
Like: Classified images
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a) Original RGB Image
b) R-component
c) G-component
d) B-component
Why Image Processing?
Its Human erg to get from Better to Best
To have a high Quality images.
To see beyond the human visionary.
To have a precise interpretation.
To extract the hidden information.
To utilize the maximum of the available.
To get a better idea before getting into real-time work-out, like surveying.
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Where to use Image Processing?
Remote sensing (e.g. satellite imagery)
Geographic Information System (e.g. image processing)
Medical imaging (e.g. X-ray, CT Scan, MRI)
Forensics (e.g. finger-prints)
Military (e.g. detection, tracking)
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Extracted Information From Processed Images
Type of information
extracted
Spatial Information
Geometric data Shape, size
Quantitative data Numbers, count
Spectral Information
Radiometric data Tone, texture
Qualitative dataSharpness,
enhancement
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Anomalies: Types and Examples
Type o
f A
no
malies
Systematic Errors
Internal error
Geometric error
Non-systematic
Error
Platform error
(satellite)
Non-predictable
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Exam
ple
s o
f A
no
malies
Systematic
Distortion
Earth rotation
Earth curvature
Mirror scan
velocity
Non-systematic
Distortion
Altitude
Attitude
PART - 02
Geographic Information System + Photogrammetry +
Surveying +GPS + Geomatics
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Introduction to Basics
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We Live in Two WorldsNatural World Constructed World
. . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict
GIS
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GIS Main Points
A map with a database behind it.
A virtual representation of the real world and its infrastructure.
A consistent “as-built” of the real world, natural and manmade.
A GIS can:
create, edit, query, analyze, and display map information on the computer
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GIS
“S”
System
Technology for the
acquisition and
management
ScienceTheory and concepts
behind the technology
StudiesSocial, legal and ethical
issues
RASTER VS VECTORS
Raster
Discrete values
Attribute
Numeric values
Non-text values
Abrupt change
Generalized values
No true shape and size
Vector
Continuous values
Point, line, polygon
Attribute
Numeric
Text
Gradual change
Maintains of true, Relative, shape and size
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The WorldGeographicKnowledge
Citizens
How GIS Describe The Data?
SPATIAL DATA
WHERE IT IS?
Locational Data
Representation of Read Data in terms of
Coordinates
Geographic (lat/long)
Projected (meters, feet)
Geographic Data (on the surface of the Earth)
Geo-spatial Data (range of data from Earth to
Space)
ASPATIAL DATA
WHAT IT IS?
Attribute Data
Numeric
Text
Non-spatial data
Stands on the basis of Database
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Cont.
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Geographic coordinates
Tabular attributes
Geographic Data Model
Digital Orthophoto
Streets
Hydrography
Parcels
Buildings
Zoning
Utilities
Administrative Boundaries
KEY PROPERTIES OF SPATIAL DATA
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Key Properties of
Spatial data
Projection
3D earth into 2D
map
Accuracy
How well does the
database info
match the real
world
Scale
Ratio of distance
on a map to the
equivalent distance
on the ground
Resolution
The size of the
smallest feature
able to be
recognized
In Short Summary of GIS
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“GIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form”.
“A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”
“GIS is a spatial decision support system”
“GIS is a tool to automate time-consuming tasks that are too tedious or expensive or inaccurate if
performed by hand”
Cont.
In GIS we usually go with the processing of data, analyzing it, and generating a spatial and non-
spatial data out of our input data.
No dealing with the acquisition of the data.
It is a decision making tool.
It is also a geo-database with temporal analysis.
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Introduction to Basics
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Introduction To Surveying
Surveying is inter-changeably called “GEOMATICS”.
BUT, ‘Geomatics’ is a Major Field!
So surveying, by definition stands out:
The science, art, ad technology of determining the relative positions of points, Above, On, Below
the Surface of the Earth.
The discipline which compromises all methods for measuring and collecting all of the information
about the physical earth.
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Types of Surveying
Types o
f Surveyin
g By purpose
EngineeringTo choose
locations
TopographyRecording all
features on land
By Scale
By Measurements
taken
Triangulations By Angles
TraversingBy Bearing and
Distances
By Equipment
used
Tape Compass
Total Station Spatial Station
EDM Theodolite
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Mapping Scales
• High Details
• Small area
• 1:24,00 or larger
Large Scale
• Average
• 1:24,00 – 120,000
Medium Scale
• Less Details
• Large area
• 1:120,000 or smaller
Small Scale
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Methods for Surveying
Metho
ds fo
r Surveyin
gAerial Way-out Satellite imaging
Accurate
Economical
Large area coverage
Ground Verification
For establishment of
Control and check
Small area coverage
Large scale mapping
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Introduction to Basic
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Introduction
The science and art of obtaining reliable
information by the means of
photographs.
Information about 2D and 3D objects
without in contact.
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rea o
f Specia
lizatio
n
Metric
Applied over spatial
data
Distance, elevation,
area, volume etc.
Interpretative
Related to RS
Classifying objects on
basis of shape, size,
patterns, shadows, etc.
Evolution of Photogrammetry
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Serial No. Level of Generation Year Range Difference
01. 1st
Generation 1850-1900 Invention of photography
02. Analog 1900-2000 Invention of Planes
03. Analytical 1950-2000 Invention of Cameras
04. Digital 1970-till now Invention of CCD, LIDAR, X-Ray
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End Lap And Side Lap
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Workflow
Capture Images
Determine camera orientations
Generate DTMs & 3D Images (if required)
Analyse data: calculate volumes, digitize vector data, etc.
GPS Intro
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THREE PARTS OF GPS
Space segment
Control segment
User/Ground segment
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Control Segment
Space Segment
User Segment
THREE
SEGMENTS
OF
THE
GPS
Monitor Stations
Ground
Antennas
Master Station
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Kwajalein Atoll
US Space Command
Control
Segment
Hawaii
Ascension Is.
Diego Garcia
Cape Canaveral
Ground AntennaMaster Control Station Monitor Station
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WORKING OF
GPS
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11,000 miles
11,000 miles
11,000 miles
11,000 miles
SOURCES OF ERRORS
IN
GPS READINGS
AND
MEASUREMENTS
GPS Fun and Facts
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Categories Facts Categories Facts
Developed By US Dpt. of Defense (DoD) Developing Year 1993
Operational Active Total No. Of Satellites 31
Constellation Satellites 24-27 Signal Speed Speed of light (3x10⁵ km)
Time Period 12 hours Inclination 55 degrees
Precision 30m-0.5m ManufacturersTrimble Navigation Ltd.,
Motorola Solutions, etc.
Altitude 20,200 km Estimated Cost 24 Billion US Dollars
Follow Sidereal Day 24h 56m 4s Types DGPS , A-GPS
Bands L1 and L2 now L5 Frequencies (MHz) 1575.42 , 1227.60 , 1176.45
Services SPS , PPS Codes C/A , P
Introduction to Basics
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Definition
It is the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering Geographic information,
or Spatially referenced information.
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While in Geomatics, we go for all those type of the disciplines that deals with the
measurements of the geo-data, like geodesy, surveying, photogrammetry, GPS etc.
A more specialized field.
It deals with the acquisition of the data along with modeling, and all other GIS stuff.
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PART - 03
Applications to Civil Engineering
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Cycle
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Direction of Flow
Cross-Section
Channel
Cross – Sections
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INTERPOLATION
Points are interpolated in Arc
Map to produce a
continuous surface.
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CENTERLINE
Define the centerline along the
channel
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Straightened River in 3D
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Analysis, Modeling,
Decision Making
Arc Hydro
Geodatabase
Arc Hydro Data and Models
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Streams
Drainage Areas
Hydrography
Channels
Terrain Surfaces
Rainfall Response
Digital Ortho-
photos
Data Model Based
on Inventory
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Streams
Watersheds Water body
Monitoring Points
Arc Hydro Framework Input Data
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REFERENCES
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1. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) to Manage Civil Engineering Projects By Asmaa Abdul Jabbar
2. Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
(Chapter 14, pages 317-319)
3. www.esri.com/engineering
4. http://webhelp.esri.com/arcpad/8.0/userguide/index.htm#capture_devices/concept_intro.htm
Special Acknowledgement
Industrial partners: ESRI, Danish Hydraulic Institute, Camp, Dresser and McKee, Dodson and Associates
Government partners:
Federal: EPA, USGS, Corps of Engineers (Hydrologic Engineering Center)
State: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Development Board
Local: Lower Colorado River Authority, City of Austin, Dept. of Watershed Protection
Academic Partners: University of Texas, Brigham Young University, Utah State University
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