Introduction to Sociology and Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology: Basic Concepts of a General Anthropology: Basic Concepts of a General

Education Subject – BESC 102, 103, Education Subject – BESC 102, 103, 106/106k106/106k

Luis Carmelo L. Buenaventura, PhDLuis Carmelo L. Buenaventura, PhDAssociate Professor, Behavioral Associate Professor, Behavioral Sciences Department, College of Sciences Department, College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle University – Liberal Arts, De La Salle University – Dasmariñas, CaviteDasmariñas, Cavite

Discussion GuideDiscussion Guide Definition of Sociology and AnthropologyDefinition of Sociology and Anthropology Sociology in relation to Anthropology, Psychology, History, Sociology in relation to Anthropology, Psychology, History,

Economics, and Political ScienceEconomics, and Political Science Humble Beginnings of Sociology including gradual Humble Beginnings of Sociology including gradual

introduction into the Philippine scene – Fr. Valentin Marin, introduction into the Philippine scene – Fr. Valentin Marin, OP, Serafin Macaraig, etcOP, Serafin Macaraig, etc

Founding Fathers of Sociology – Auguste Comte, Emile Founding Fathers of Sociology – Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber and Ferdinand Toennies.Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber and Ferdinand Toennies.

Theoretical Foundations of Sociology – Functionalism, Order Theoretical Foundations of Sociology – Functionalism, Order and Conflict, Symbolic Interactionismand Conflict, Symbolic Interactionism

Current Research concerns in Sociology and Anthropology: Current Research concerns in Sociology and Anthropology: Social Change, Social Problems and issues, EnvironmentSocial Change, Social Problems and issues, Environment

The Importance and Relevance of studying Sociology and The Importance and Relevance of studying Sociology and Anthropology todayAnthropology today

Career opportunities in Sociology and AnthropologyCareer opportunities in Sociology and Anthropology

Sociology was derived from two words, SOCIUS, Latin meaning group or association and the Greek LOGOS meaning Study of.

Sociology has been defined as an intensive, systematic study of human societies including their social groups, social interaction, social institutions, and social organization with main focus on social change and development in both urban and rural settings.

Other definitions of Sociology include a study of humans in their current social settings and problems encountered as they constantly face the social and political forces that bring about changes and adjustments to their lives. In this regard, sociologists seek an explanation for social behavior.

Sociology and the other Social Sociology and the other Social SciencesSciences

Anthropology Anthropology – the intensive, systematic study of man, – the intensive, systematic study of man, human origins, and culture. human origins, and culture. Ex. Culture, Man, and BehaviorEx. Culture, Man, and Behavior

Psychology Psychology – the intensive, systematic study of individual – the intensive, systematic study of individual human behavior, the mind or brain including mental human behavior, the mind or brain including mental processes contributing to the development of one’s processes contributing to the development of one’s personality and character. personality and character. Ex. Individual vs. Social BehaviorEx. Individual vs. Social Behavior

History History – an intensive study of man and their past – an intensive study of man and their past accomplishments through events that contributed greatly to accomplishments through events that contributed greatly to the development of the present and future of their nation. the development of the present and future of their nation. Ex. Ex. History and Current-day Human BehaviorHistory and Current-day Human Behavior

Economics Economics – the study of consumption, distribution, and – the study of consumption, distribution, and production as well as allocation of material goods and production as well as allocation of material goods and services to generate wealth for each nation. services to generate wealth for each nation. Ex. Consumer Ex. Consumer behaviorbehavior

Political SciencePolitical Science – intensive study of power movements and – intensive study of power movements and forces that contribute to governance, political change, and forces that contribute to governance, political change, and political culture of each nation. political culture of each nation. Ex. Voting behaviorEx. Voting behavior

Humble Origins of SociologyHumble Origins of Sociology Began with two major upheavals in Began with two major upheavals in

Europe: Europe: French RevolutionFrench Revolution and and Industrial Industrial Revolution. Revolution.

Slowly, the original people who used to Slowly, the original people who used to work for a kingdom moved from the rural work for a kingdom moved from the rural area to a more urbanized settlement area to a more urbanized settlement because the factories provided more because the factories provided more jobs, incentives, and financial jobs, incentives, and financial opportunities for their families.opportunities for their families.

Humble Origins of Humble Origins of SociologySociology

With a relatively sudden migration of rural-based With a relatively sudden migration of rural-based people, social problems attended this social people, social problems attended this social upheaval.upheaval.

Social problems included squatting, congestion due Social problems included squatting, congestion due to overcrowding, alcoholism, and drug addiction to overcrowding, alcoholism, and drug addiction including prostitution.including prostitution.

Moreover, a relatively new behavioral phenomenon Moreover, a relatively new behavioral phenomenon like Suicide took shape mainly caused by the like Suicide took shape mainly caused by the inability of some people to accept the social and inability of some people to accept the social and technological changes confronting their being.technological changes confronting their being.

Founding Fathers of Founding Fathers of Sociology: European Sociology: European toto the Philippine school the Philippine school

Auguste ComteAuguste Comte

Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim

Karl MarxKarl Marx

Max WeberMax Weber

Ferdinand TönniesFerdinand Tönnies

Summary of the founding Summary of the founding Fathers of Sociology: Fathers of Sociology:

European SchoolEuropean School Auguste ComteAuguste Comte – a Social Philosopher who believed that the – a Social Philosopher who believed that the

methods and techniques of the natural sciences could be applied to methods and techniques of the natural sciences could be applied to the study of society. The first scholar to use the word, “Sociology” the study of society. The first scholar to use the word, “Sociology” from the French “Sociologique”from the French “Sociologique”

Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim – founding father of modern sociology who utilized – founding father of modern sociology who utilized empirical investigation in the study of suicide in France, the division of empirical investigation in the study of suicide in France, the division of labor in society, and the elementary forms of religious life.labor in society, and the elementary forms of religious life.

Karl MarxKarl Marx – an exponent of the conflict theory who viewed society as – an exponent of the conflict theory who viewed society as in a constant flux of change by passing through a series of class in a constant flux of change by passing through a series of class struggles. Without conflict, there is no progress!struggles. Without conflict, there is no progress!

Max WeberMax Weber - founding father of sociology who contributed to an - founding father of sociology who contributed to an understanding of the role of ideas in social change. Social change is understanding of the role of ideas in social change. Social change is attainable through the world of ideas. Such ideas become more attainable through the world of ideas. Such ideas become more realistically achieved if people gifted with charisma can initiate realistically achieved if people gifted with charisma can initiate change.change.

Ferdinand ToenniesFerdinand Toennies – – founding father of sociology who noted the shift founding father of sociology who noted the shift from personal to impersonal attitudes of people as a result of from personal to impersonal attitudes of people as a result of Industrialization and modernization of their society.Industrialization and modernization of their society.

Sociology in the PhilippinesSociology in the Philippines Fr. Valentin Marin, OPFr. Valentin Marin, OP – introduced the subject in the – introduced the subject in the

curriculum in 1896 at the University of Santo Tomas curriculum in 1896 at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). Sociology was introduced as a social (UST). Sociology was introduced as a social philosophy perspective.philosophy perspective.

Dr. Serafin MacaraigDr. Serafin Macaraig – the first Filipino to obtain a – the first Filipino to obtain a PhD in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin in PhD in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin in 1920 who introduced the social problem orientation.1920 who introduced the social problem orientation.

19111911 – Sociology was introduced into the UP system – Sociology was introduced into the UP system by then Pres. Murray Bartlett and A.E.W. Saltby then Pres. Murray Bartlett and A.E.W. Salt

1950-19601950-1960 – From UST and UP, institutions like the – From UST and UP, institutions like the Ateneo, Silliman U, University of San Carlos, and Ateneo, Silliman U, University of San Carlos, and Xavier University in Cagayan de Oro were gradually Xavier University in Cagayan de Oro were gradually following suit in offering Sociology in their curriculum.following suit in offering Sociology in their curriculum.

1970’s-1990’s1970’s-1990’s – the subject reached its pinnacle as a – the subject reached its pinnacle as a training ground for social change, development, law training ground for social change, development, law and politics, law enforcement, including environment.and politics, law enforcement, including environment.

Theoretical FoundationsTheoretical Foundations Functionalism a.k.a Structural FunctionalismFunctionalism a.k.a Structural Functionalism– –

society is a social system composed of society is a social system composed of elements that are interrelated in a more or less elements that are interrelated in a more or less stable way through a relatively long period of stable way through a relatively long period of time.time.

Order and ConflictOrder and Conflict– society may best be studied – society may best be studied through a series of conflict and power struggles through a series of conflict and power struggles that may eventually bring about order to a that may eventually bring about order to a society.society.

Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic Interactionism – emphasizes the – emphasizes the symbolic and communicative aspects of human symbolic and communicative aspects of human behavior since both are essential in the behavior since both are essential in the development of the self.development of the self.

Current Research concerns of Current Research concerns of sociologists and sociologists and anthropologistsanthropologists Social and Cultural Problems brought about Social and Cultural Problems brought about

by rapid change like Urbanization and by rapid change like Urbanization and Development including migrationDevelopment including migration

Crime and DevianceCrime and Deviance Overseas Workers and the FamilyOverseas Workers and the Family Mixed Marriages and EthnicityMixed Marriages and Ethnicity Same sex or same gender marriagesSame sex or same gender marriages Environmental concerns like ecology and Environmental concerns like ecology and

biodiversitybiodiversity Marital dissolution and causesMarital dissolution and causes

The relevance of studying The relevance of studying Sociology and AnthropologySociology and Anthropology

Factual information about our society Factual information about our society and culture through current events.and culture through current events.

An understanding of everyday An understanding of everyday occurrences in ourselves and roles occurrences in ourselves and roles through the sociological imagination.through the sociological imagination.

Examination of human behavior Examination of human behavior objectively and critically.objectively and critically.

An appreciation of the diversity of An appreciation of the diversity of personalities, beliefs, and attitudes of personalities, beliefs, and attitudes of other people.other people.

Sociological Sociological ImaginationImagination

Explaining the Explaining the sociological sociological imagination in our imagination in our times.times. We are able to see the connection between our We are able to see the connection between our

own social forces and society’s larger social own social forces and society’s larger social forces which enables us to see ourselves as forces which enables us to see ourselves as parts of a larger social pattern.parts of a larger social pattern.

How events and experiences in personal life How events and experiences in personal life are often shaped by social forces.are often shaped by social forces.

How we see our personal problems in relation How we see our personal problems in relation to and partly as a consequence of the larger to and partly as a consequence of the larger problems within society. problems within society.

““I will continue oh my God to do I will continue oh my God to do all my actions for the love of all my actions for the love of

thee!” Live Jesus in our Hearts! thee!” Live Jesus in our Hearts! AMEN.AMEN.

Thank Thank you.you.