AS6230: Introduction to

Research

1.Whakawhangatanga

We are in this together: The ID Crisis

2.Why are we here?

More Words = More Confidence

Hit the Target

First as individualsThen in groups of four

3.It All Comes Down the to

Question

Recall First Class

✘ Observation methods (Spradley, 1980)✘ Qualitative Analysis Coding (Abstracting

and Comparing) (Punch, 1998)

Your Question Determines Your MethodologyWhich, in turn, determines your Methods of

data-gathering

Where to next….✘ Locating your questions within a paradigm of research✘ Outlining the constraints of your research

Time, money, contextual etc✘ Selecting an appropriate methodology✘ Make sure there is fusion between the questions, paradigm

(theory), constraints, and methodology

PARADIGM FOCUS QUESTION

Positivist/Postpostivist Statistics – Establishing truth and differences How many …What quantifiable differences exist …

Constructivist Exploring and constructing truths How do …

Feminist Exploring gendered differences and perspectives What are the experiences of boys and girls …How do girls …

Ethnic Exploring ethnic differencesand perspectives

What are the experiences of Maori and Pakeha …How do Maori …

Marxist Exploring class differences and perspectives What are the experiences of lower socio-economic and middle-class …How do the poor …

Cultural Studies To critique and question current truths and critically examine differences

What knowledges/ideas …What are the implications of this particular knowledge …

Paradigm One: Positivist/Postpositivist

✘ AimTo track gender/culture/socioeconomic differencesTo measure the effectiveness of boot camps as an intervention✘ Question/s

Are there any differences?What are these differences? – quantified✘ Constraints

Numbers/CashStatistical knowledge✘ Methodology

Textual analysisTests/Survey research

Paradigm Two: Constructivist (1)✘ Aim

To explore why some young people dislike schoolTo understand the experiences of young people in an initiative✘ Question/s

How do young people experience school?What were the experiences of youth in the initiative? ✘ Constraints

Purpose is quite containedConfusion over roles (esp youth workers and youth – if involved)✘ Methodology

Case studyEthnography

Paradigm Two: Constructivist (2)✘ Aim

To construct an Asian theory of youth developmentTo construct an understanding of the elements needed for successful mentoring✘ Question/s

How do Asian young people experience adolescence?What elements exist in successful mentoring programmes? ✘ Constraints

External validityFinances✘ Methodology

Case StudyEthnography

Paradigm Three: Feminist✘ Aim

To explore gendered experiences of boot camps✘ Question/s

What are the experiences of boys and girls involved in boot camps?ConstraintsExternal validityFinances✘ Methodology

Narrative storytellingEthnographyCase study

Paradigm Four: Ethnic✘ Aim

To explore ethnic experiences of boot camps✘ Question/s

What are the experiences of Pakeha and Maori involved in boot camps?How are these experiences linked to their lived contexts?✘ Constraints

External validityFinances✘ Methodology

Ethnographic case studies (post-colonial in nature)Kaupapa researchTalanoa research

Paradigm Five: Marxist✘ Aim

To explore the ways mentoring reinforces/opposes structural inequalities✘ Question/s

What are the outcomes of mentoring programmes?What structural differences exist?How does mentoring work/not work as a hegemonic tool?✘ Constraints

Finances, Resources etcExternal validity✘ Methodology

Discourse analysisSurvey research

Paradigm Six: Cultural Studies ✘ Aim

To critique the forms of knowledge promoted by youth development initiatives✘ Question/s

What knowledges do youth development initiatives focus on?How is this knowledge conveyed and implemented?What are the implications?✘ Constraints

Time and knowledgeKnowledge capital✘ Methodology

Post-structural discourse analysis

Paradigm Seven: Mixed✘ Aim

To measure student success in boot camps and find the factors which lead to success✘ Question/s

To what rate do young people reduce offending after boot camps?What factors led to evidence of improvement?✘ Constraints

External validity✘ Methodology

Survey researchCase study

Theory and the Paradigms✘ Theory before (Inductive Research)

Can sit within all the paradigms✘ Theory after (Deductive Research)

PositivistConstructivist✘ Reflexive theory

Can sit within all the paradigms

Methods and the Paradigms✘ Textual analysis

Positivist, feminist, ethnic, Marxist, cultural studies, mixed✘ Survey

Positivist, Marxist, cultural studies, mixed✘ Observation

Positivist, constructivist, cultural studies, mixed✘ Interviews

Across all – however differs moving from structured, semi-structured to unstructured

4.Time for a Break

It All Comes Down to a Question

5.

Research Ethics

Working ethically

✘Code of Ethics✘More than a

bureaucratic process✘Involves action and

reflection

The History of Research Ethics✘ Watson and Baby Albert✘ WW2 and Nazi Germany✘ Psychology – why are humans so evil✘ NZ Cartwright Inquiry✘ Today ? The Ketamine Incident?

What are ethics✘ Informed Consent✘ Confidentiality✘ No harm✘ Qualitative Research vs

Quantitative Research✘ Catalytic Validity

The ethical research journey

✘ Where does ethics start?

✘ Where does it finish?

✘ What should we learn along the way?

✘ What about NGO research?

The type of research you are doing and the type of methodology you are using

determines how ethics will inform your research

Ethics and research

Getting through ethics applications✘ Know what the committee wants in addition to your application:✘ Copies of instruments, consent/information forms or valid

explanation✘ Letterheads on all information to participants✘ Lockable storage/passwords etc

✘ But what if there is no committee?✘ Create a plan!

Questions and Reflections

6.Lunch

7.

Revising and Cementing

Reading Backwards✘ In groups, create a mindmap presentation showing:✘ The Research Topic✘ The Research Question✘ How it aligns to the Methodology and Methods✘ How Research Ethics have been incorporated

Your Turn

Hit the Target

Where are you at now?

thanks!Any questions?

CreditsSpecial thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resources for free:✘ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival✘ Photographs by Unsplash