Introduction to Psychology Mood Disorders November 28, 2011 Mood Disorders November 28, 2011.
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Transcript of Introduction to Psychology Mood Disorders November 28, 2011 Mood Disorders November 28, 2011.
Introduction to Introduction to PsychologyPsychology
Introduction to Introduction to PsychologyPsychology
Mood DisordersMood Disorders
November 28, 2011November 28, 2011Mood DisordersMood Disorders
November 28, 2011November 28, 2011
Class AgendaClass AgendaClass AgendaClass Agenda
Unipolar depression (major depressive Unipolar depression (major depressive
episode/disorder)episode/disorder)
Dysthymic disorderDysthymic disorder
Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder
SuicideSuicide
Class ActivityClass ActivityClass ActivityClass Activity
For each of the following words, write a For each of the following words, write a sentence that describes an experience sentence that describes an experience you had that is associated with that you had that is associated with that respective word....respective word....
TrainTrain
HouseHouse
IceIce
MeetingMeeting
RoadRoad
RainRain
Class ActivityClass ActivityClass ActivityClass Activity
For each experience you wrote, rate For each experience you wrote, rate
whether it was pleasant or unpleasant.whether it was pleasant or unpleasant.
Tally the number of unpleasant and Tally the number of unpleasant and
pleasant experiences.pleasant experiences.
Class ActivityClass ActivityClass ActivityClass Activity
How have you felt today?How have you felt today?
Happy? Sad?Happy? Sad?
The number of pleasant vs. unpleasant experiences The number of pleasant vs. unpleasant experiences you recalled may be related to your mood today.you recalled may be related to your mood today.
When we are depressed, we remember more When we are depressed, we remember more unpleasant than pleasant events.unpleasant than pleasant events.
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
SymptomsSymptoms
At least 2 weeks of depressed mood (feelings of worthlessness At least 2 weeks of depressed mood (feelings of worthlessness or guilt) OR loss of interest in pleasurable activitiesor guilt) OR loss of interest in pleasurable activities
Significant weight loss or gain (not due to diet)Significant weight loss or gain (not due to diet)
Insomnia/HypersomniaInsomnia/Hypersomnia
Restlessness/Sluggishness (psychomotor Restlessness/Sluggishness (psychomotor agitation/retardation)agitation/retardation)
Indecisiveness, lack of concentrationIndecisiveness, lack of concentration
Fatigue or loss of energyFatigue or loss of energy
Thoughts of death or suicideThoughts of death or suicide
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Point prevalence rate (snapshot) in adults is 4%Point prevalence rate (snapshot) in adults is 4%
Lifetime prevalence (number of people who have Lifetime prevalence (number of people who have
experienced depression at some point in their life) experienced depression at some point in their life)
is ~25%is ~25%
~80% of people will experience recurrent episode ~80% of people will experience recurrent episode
(high estimate)(high estimate)
Most frequent comorbid disorder is anxiety (GAD, Most frequent comorbid disorder is anxiety (GAD,
Panic, PTSD)Panic, PTSD)
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Gender DifferencesGender Differences
Women: Men = 2:1Women: Men = 2:1
Possible explanations?Possible explanations?
HormonesHormones
Interpersonal orientation and ruminationInterpersonal orientation and rumination
Traumatic eventsTraumatic events
Comorbid anxiety or substance abuse?Comorbid anxiety or substance abuse?
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Possible causes:Possible causes:
Stress (Diathesis-Stress Model)Stress (Diathesis-Stress Model)
GeneticsGenetics
BiologyBiology
Neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine and Neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine and Serotonin)Serotonin)
CortisolCortisol
SleepSleep
Brain structures (prefrontal cortex, Brain structures (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala)hippocampus, amygdala)
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Irrational beliefsIrrational beliefs
Learned helplessnessLearned helplessness
Cognitive schemasCognitive schemas
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder
Seligman’s Learned HelplessnessSeligman’s Learned Helplessness
Internal“It’s because of something about
ME”
External “It’s because of something about
the situation”
Global“Everything in my life is a failure”
Specific“I failed at this, but I can do other
things”
Stable“It will always be like this”
Unstable“Things will get better”
DysthymiaDysthymiaDysthymiaDysthymia
Same symptoms but milder formSame symptoms but milder form
Lasts for 2 or more yearsLasts for 2 or more years
Symptoms integrated in person’s normal functioningSymptoms integrated in person’s normal functioning
20% - 40% people with depression experience 20% - 40% people with depression experience
dysthymiadysthymia
Dysthymia plus MDD = Double DepressionDysthymia plus MDD = Double Depression
Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderTypes:Types:
Bipolar I: manic episode OR mixed episodeBipolar I: manic episode OR mixed episode
Delusions and hallucinations (psychotic features; Delusions and hallucinations (psychotic features;
associated with incomplete recovery between episodes)associated with incomplete recovery between episodes)
Bipolar II: one or more major depressive episodes and at Bipolar II: one or more major depressive episodes and at
least one hypomanic episodeleast one hypomanic episode
Major depressive episode - ~70% of manic episodes occur Major depressive episode - ~70% of manic episodes occur
immediately before or after manic episodeimmediately before or after manic episode
Time between episodes decreases with ageTime between episodes decreases with age
Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderManic phase:Manic phase:
Easily distractedEasily distracted
Little need for sleepLittle need for sleep
Poor judgmentPoor judgment
Poor temper controlPoor temper control
Reckless behaviorReckless behavior
Very elevated moodVery elevated mood
Depressed phase:Depressed phase:
Low mood or sadnessLow mood or sadness
Difficulty concentratingDifficulty concentrating
Eating problemsEating problems
Fatigue/lack of energyFatigue/lack of energy
Feelings of worthlessnessFeelings of worthlessness
Loss of pleasure in activitiesLoss of pleasure in activities
Sleep problemsSleep problems
Thoughts of death and suicideThoughts of death and suicide
Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder
CausesCauses
Genetics (40% - 70% familial Genetics (40% - 70% familial component)component)
Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin)serotonin)
Environmental stressorsEnvironmental stressors
SuicideSuicideSuicideSuicide2007 - >34,000 suicides in U.S. 2007 - >34,000 suicides in U.S.
~94 suicides per day~94 suicides per day
~one suicide every 15 minutes~one suicide every 15 minutes
2007 - eleventh leading cause of death2007 - eleventh leading cause of death
Second most common death among college students Second most common death among college students (American College Health Association)(American College Health Association)
Increased risk with depression and bipolar disorderIncreased risk with depression and bipolar disorder
Gender differencesGender differences
Age differencesAge differences
Racial and Ethnic differencesRacial and Ethnic differences
SuicideSuicideSuicideSuicideI: IdeationI: Ideation
S: Substance abuseS: Substance abuse
P: PurposelessnessP: Purposelessness
A: AnxietyA: Anxiety
T: TrappedT: Trapped
H: HopelessnessH: Hopelessness
W: WithdrawalW: Withdrawal
A: AngerA: Anger
R: RecklessnessR: Recklessness
M: Mood changeM: Mood change