INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. Definition & Goals The scientific study of behavior and mental...
Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. Definition & Goals The scientific study of behavior and mental...
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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
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Definition & Goals The scientific study of behavior and mental
processes
What are the GOALS of Psychology ? –
Describe Explain Predict Control
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Origins in Critical Thinking
• Introspection-• Structuralism - Sensations & Perceptions• Functionalism – Adaptive Functions = Mind• Freud – Unconscious, early events• Gestalt – Perceptions -> analysis of the whole pattern• Behaviorism – Scientific, objective analysis of
observable behaviors – environment shapes• Humanism - Maslow– Hierarchy of Needs
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How do current approaches investigate the questions we have?
Biological – genetics, chemical
Influences
Autism
Cerebellum Size
75% - large
10% - small
Test Anxiety
Palmar sweating, heart rate, breathing
CognitiveProcess, store, & retrieve info
Low to high
intellects
Excessive worry helps/hinders performance
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How do current approaches investigate the questions we have?
Behavioral- how environment reinforces behavior
Autism
Paralysis vs Stimulation
Test Anxiety
Self-management & rewards
Psychoanalytic-
Childhood, needs/desires & un
conscious
Harsh mother, absent father
High Anxiety leads to procrastination
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How do current approaches investigate the questions we have?
Humanistic –Everyone controls own self-growth
Autism
Life Story - ethnography
Test Anxiety
Attributions – effort vs luck
Cross-Cultural –
Influence of culture & ethnicity
American – opportunity to ful-fill potential
Evaluation of success depends on cultural values
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What types of degrees are there?
Bachelor’s (B.A.) or (B.S.) Master’s of Arts (M.A.) Master’s of Science (M.S.) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Medical Doctor (M.D.)
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Specialty Areas in Psychology
Social & Personality –
(Clinical Psy)
Developmental –
Pregnancy to Death
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Specialty Areas in Psychology
Experimental –
Labs; learning/ experiments
Biological –
Genetics/physiology
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Specialty Areas in Psychology
Cognitive -
Information Processing
Psychometric – Measurement
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Specialty Areas in Psychology
Industrial/Organizational (Ergonomics) –
School – Combination of many of the above
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Where do Psychologists Work? Private Practice / Therapy / Counselors –
Academic Settings/Universities Secondary Schools
Mixed other settings – sports, forensics, HRD
Industrial
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How do Psychologists Answer Questions?
Survey – Efficient but may yield bias or inaccurate info
Case Study – In-depth info versus limited generalizability
Experiment - manipulate variables; cause & effect
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How do Psychologists Answer Questions?
Interviews –
Standardized Tests –
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How do Psychologists Answer Questions?
Lab Experiment –
Animal Model –
Naturalistic Setting –
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What might affect data collection?
Confounding variables –
Self-fulfilling Prophecy –
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What might affect data collection? Placebo –
Pill or intervention with no true identified effects
Placebo Effect-Change in the subject’s behavior due to the belief of
being treated
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What is Correlational Research?
Illustrates an Association or RelationshipPerfect Positive = + 1.00Positive - + 0.01 to + 0.99Zero - 0.00 (no relationship)Negative - - 0.01 to - 0.99Perfect Negative - - 1.00
***NOT CAUSE & EFFECT ***
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Example Correlations
Perfect positivecorrelation (+1.00)
No relationship (0.00) Perfect negativecorrelation (-1.00)
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Correlation Examples
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What is the Scientific Process?
Problem –
Hypothesis –
• Data Collection, • Statistical Analysis,• Discussion
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What are Variables?
Independent Variable (IV) – What is being controlled or manipulated by the researcher
Dependent Variable (DV) - Behaviors being measured/affected by the treatment
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How are subjects grouped?
Experimental Group – Those who receive intervention or treatment
Control Group – No treatment group
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What is a Double-blind Study?
Double-blind study
ADHD Ritalin Trial (Example)
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Student On-Task Behavior
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What are the guidelines for human experimentation?
Code of EthicsApproval, consent, no harm, debriefing
Role of Deception – must be justified, no impact and inform after
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What are the guidelines for animal experimentation?
Much lower #’s than those consumed
Major medical advances
Ethical & Supervised by Veterinarians