Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to Psychology

Chapter 1Chapter 1

TalbotTalbot

What is Psychology?What is Psychology?

The ________________ study of The ________________ study of __________ & ____________processes.__________ & ____________processes.

Science implies ___________.Science implies ___________.– Scientific observationScientific observation

Research methodResearch method

Behavior

Mental Processes

Psychology’s GoalsPsychology’s Goals

Describe – name or classifyDescribe – name or classify

Understand – Why?Understand – Why?

Predict – forecast behaviorPredict – forecast behavior

Control – alter conditions that influence Control – alter conditions that influence behaviorbehavior

Kitty GenoveseKitty Genovese& Bystander Apathy & Bystander Apathy (March 13(March 13thth, 1964), 1964)

Winston Moseley

History (as a field of study)History (as a field of study)Outgrowth of ____________.Outgrowth of ____________.

As a science started around 1879.As a science started around 1879.

Willhelm WundtWillhelm Wundt

StructuralismStructuralism

FunctionalismFunctionalism

BehaviorismBehaviorism

GestaltGestalt

PsychodynamicPsychodynamic

Humanistic – Hierarchy of NeedsHumanistic – Hierarchy of Needs

CognitiveCognitive

Psychology as a ProfessionPsychology as a Profession

Psychologist v. PsychiatristPsychologist v. Psychiatrist

PsychologistPsychologist

PsychiatristPsychiatrist

Counselor & Social WorkerCounselor & Social Worker

BEWARE of the “clinician”.BEWARE of the “clinician”.

Professional issuesProfessional issues

APA – American Psychological APA – American Psychological AssociationAssociation

State and Federal Licensing BoardsState and Federal Licensing Boards

Ethics/ Ethical guidelinesEthics/ Ethical guidelines– Levels of training and competencyLevels of training and competency– Respect for dignity, privacy, confidentiality Respect for dignity, privacy, confidentiality

(HIPAA).(HIPAA).– Protection from harm.Protection from harm.

Scientific MethodScientific Method

ObservationObservation

Define the problem (Operationally define)Define the problem (Operationally define)– ReliabilityReliability– ValidityValidity

Propose a hypothesis (?)Propose a hypothesis (?)

Gather evidenceGather evidence

Publish resultsPublish results

Theory buildTheory build

How do we gather the data?How do we gather the data?

SurveySurveyCase study/ Clinical methodCase study/ Clinical methodNaturalistic ObservationNaturalistic Observation– Hawthorne effect, Hawthorne effect, Observer BiasObserver Bias, ,

Correlational ObservationCorrelational Observation– Three possibilitiesThree possibilities– Correlational CoefficientsCorrelational Coefficients

Experimental method – Cause and EffectExperimental method – Cause and Effect– Independent Variable Dependent VariableIndependent Variable Dependent Variable– Experimenter effectExperimenter effect– ControlControl– Placebo effectPlacebo effect– Random SamplingRandom Sampling

13 of 16

14 of 16

Ethics in researchEthics in research

Do no harmDo no harmDescribe risksDescribe risksEnsure participation is voluntaryEnsure participation is voluntaryMinimize discomfortMinimize discomfortMaintain confidentialityMaintain confidentialityUse deception only when necessaryUse deception only when necessaryDebriefDebriefProvide resultsProvide resultsTreat with dignity and respectTreat with dignity and respect