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Computer programming: creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something

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Programmers do not use machine language when creating computer programs. Instead, programmers tend to use high-level programming languages

Each high-level language has its own syntaxand limited set of vocabulary that is translated into machine code by a compiler

Define a task/problem

Plan your solution◦ Find suitable algorithm to solve it

◦ Find suitable data structures to use

Write code

Fix program error (bugs)

Make your customer happy

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= Specification

= Design

= Implementation

= Testing & Debugging

= Deployment

Wikipedia.org definition for C#.◦ Object-oriented.

◦ Primarily imperative or procedural.

LINQ (Language Integrated Query) adds some functional programming language capabilities.

◦ Structured (as opposed to monolithic).

◦ Strongly typed.

◦ ISO(International Organization for Standardization)and ECMA(European Computer ManufacturersAssociation) standardized.

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Programming language

◦ A syntax that allow to give instructions to the computer

C# features:

◦ New cutting edge language

◦ Extremely powerful

◦ Easy to learn

◦ Easy to read and understand

◦ Object-oriented

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Object-oriented programming is an extension of procedural programming, which in addition to variables and procedures contains: ◦ objects, ◦ classes, ◦ encapsulation, ◦ interfaces, ◦ polymorphism, and inheritance

Objects are object-oriented components

Attributes of an object represent its characteristics

A class is a category of objects or a type of object

An instance refers to an object based on a class

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For example:◦ An Automobile is a class whose objects have the following

attributes: year, make, model, color, and current running status

◦ Your 1997 red Chevrolet is an instance of the class that is made up of all Automobiles

Methods of classes are used to change attributes and discover values of attributes◦ The Automobile class may have the following methods:

getGas(), accelerate(), applyBreaks()

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Sample C# Console Application program:

using System;

namespace ConsoleApplication1{class HelloCSharp{

static void Main(string[] args){

Console.WriteLine("Hello, C#");}

}}

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using System;

class HelloCSharp{

static void Main(){

Console.WriteLine("Hello, C#");}

}

Include the standard

namespace "System"

Define a class called

"HelloCSharp"

Define the Main() method – the

program entry point

Print a text on the console by

calling the method "WriteLine" of the class "Console"

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using System;

class HelloCSharp{

static void Main(){

Console.WriteLine("Hello, C#");}

}

The { symbol should be alone on a new line.

The block after the {symbol should be

indented by a TAB.The } symbol should

be under the

corresponding {.

Class names should useHelloCsharpand start with a CAPITAL letter.

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using System

;

class HelloCSharp {static

void Main( ) { Console. WriteLine ("Hello, C#" ) ;Console.

WriteLine ( "Hello again") ;}}

Such formatting makes the source code

unreadable.

using

◦ brings in namespaces

namespace

◦ disambiguation of names◦ like Internet hierarchical names and C++ naming

class

◦ like in C++ or Java◦ single inheritance up to object

static void Main()◦ Defines the entry point for an assembly.◦ Four different overloads – taking string

arguments and returning int’s. Console.WriteLine(Write)◦ Takes a formatted string: “Composite

Format”◦ Indexed elements: e.g., {0}

can be used multiple times only evaluated once

◦ {index [,alignment][:formatting]}

Environment for execution of .NET programs

Powerful library of classes

Programming model

Common execution engine for many programming languages◦ C#

◦ Visual Basic .NET

◦ Managed C++

◦ ... and many others

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Operating System (OS)

Common Language Runtime (CLR)

Base Class Library (BCL)

ADO.NET, LINQ and XML (Data Tier)

WCF and WWF (Communication and Workflow Tier)

ASP.NETWeb Forms, MVC, AJAXMobile Internet Toolkit

WindowsForms

WPF Silverlight

C# C++ VB.NET J# F# JScript Perl Delphi …

Building blocks of .NET Framework

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FCL

CLR

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The common classes that are used in many programs◦ System.Console.WriteLine◦ XML, Networking, Filesystem, Crypto, containers◦ Can inherit from many of these classes

Many languages run on .NET framework◦ C#, C++, J#, Visual Basic◦ even have Python (see IronPython)

Common Language Runtime (CLR)◦ Managed execution environment

Executes .NET applications

Controls the execution process

◦ Automatic memory management (garbage collection)

◦ Programming languages integration

◦ Multiple versions support for assemblies

◦ Integrated type safety and security

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CLR

Class Loader

MSIL to NativeCompilers (JIT)

CodeManager

GarbageCollector (GC)

Security Engine Debug Engine

Type Checker Exception Manager

Thread Support COM Marshaler

Base Class Library Support

From MSDN

CLR via C#, Jeffrey Richter

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CLR is actually an implementation by Microsoft of the CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) .

CLI is an open specification.

CLR is really a platform specific implementation.

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Framework Class Library (FCL)

◦ Provides basic functionality to developers:

Console applications

WPF(Windows Presentation Framework) and

Silverlight rich-media applications

Windows Forms GUI applications

Web applications (dynamic Web sites)

Web services, communication and workflow

Server & desktop applications

Applications for mobile devices

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Visual Studio – Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Development tool that helps us to:◦ Write code

◦ Design user interface

◦ Compile code

◦ Execute / test / debug applications

◦ Browse the help

◦ Manage project's files

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Single tool for:

◦ Writing code in many languages (C#, VB, …)

◦ Using different technologies (Web, WPF, …)

◦ For different platforms (.NET CF, Silverlight, …)

Full integration of most development activities (coding, compiling, testing, debugging, deployment, version control, ...)

Very easy to use!

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1. File New Project ...2. Choose C# console application3. Choose project directory and name

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4. Visual Studio creates some source code for you

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Namespace not required

Class name should be

changed

Some imports are not required

The process of compiling includes:◦ Syntactic checks

◦ Type safety checks

◦ Translation of the source code to lower level language (MSIL)

◦ Creating of executable files (assemblies)

You can start compilation by◦ Using Build->Build Solution/Project

◦ Pressing [F6] or [Shift+Ctrl+B]

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The process of running application includes:

◦ Compiling (if project not compiled)

◦ Starting the application

You can run application by:

◦ Using Debug->Start menu

◦ By pressing [F5] or [Ctrl+F5]

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The process of debugging application includes:◦ Spotting an error

◦ Finding the lines of code that cause the error

◦ Fixing the code

◦ Testing to check if the error is gone and no errors are introduced

Iterative and continuous process

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Visual Studio has built-in debugger

It provides:◦ Breakpoints

◦ Ability to trace the code execution

◦ Ability to inspect variables at runtime

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Live Demo-Examples

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A computer program is a set of instructions that you write to tell a computer what to do

Procedural Programming involves creating computer memory locations, called variables, and a set of operations, called procedures. In object-oriented programming, you envision program components as objects that are similar to concrete objects in the real world

The C# language was developed as an object-oriented and component-oriented language

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To write a C# program that produces a line of console output, you must pass a literal string as a parameter to the Console.Out.WriteLine() method

You can define a C# class or variable by using any name or identifier that begins with an underscore or a letter, that contains only letters or digits, and that is not a C# reserved keyword

To create a C# program, you can use the Microsoft Visual Studio environment or any text editor

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After you write and save a program, you must compile the source code

Program comments are nonexecuting statements that add to document a program or to disable statements

As an alternative to using the command line, you can compile and write your program within the Visual Studio IDE

When you need to repeatedly use a class from the same namespace, you can shorten the statements you type by using a clause that indicates a namespace where the class can be found

Questions?

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1. Create console application that prints your first and last name.

2. Write a program to print the numbers 1, 101 and 1001.

3. Create a console application that prints the current date and time.

4. Create a console application that calculates and prints the square

of the number 1234.

5. Write a program that prints the first 10 members of the sequence:

2, -3, 4, -5, 6, -7, ...

6. Write a program to read your age from the console and print how

old you will be after 10 years.

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