INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS OBJECTS 22.1 Explain what a plant is. Describe what plants need to survive.
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Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS OBJECTS 22.1 Explain what a plant is. Describe what plants need to survive.
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INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS
OBJECTS 22.1
Explain what a plant is.
Describe what plants need to survive.
Describe how the first plants evolved.
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Plants are a member of the kingdom ________.
Plants are multicellular _________ that have cell walls made of ______.
They developed from multicellular embryos and carried out photosynthesis using the green pigments _______ a and b.
Plants included trees, shrubs, grasses, ______, and ferns.
Most plants are ________, although some are parasitic or ________.
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Plants life cycles have two alternating phases, a _____ (2N) phase and a _______ (N) phase, know as AOG.
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During the two phases of the life cycle, _____ and ____ alternate to produce the two types of reproductive cells – ______ and ______.
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The diploid phase is known as the ______, or spore-producing plant.
The haploid phase is know as the _________, or gamete-producing plant.
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The earliest plants mosses and ferns, require ____ to reproduce.
moss ferns
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The lives of plants center on the need for sunlight, water and minerals, _________, and the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
Plants use the energy from sunlight to carry on __________.
Photosynthetic organs such as leaves are typically ______ and ___ and are arranged on the stem so as to maximize light absorption.
All cells require a constant supply of _____.
As plants ______ water and nutrients (needed for plant growth).
Plants use both Oxygen and ________________.
Plants take up water and minerals through their _____ but make food in their _______.
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For most of Earth’s history, plants did not exist.
Life was concentrated in the _______.
The first plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular green _____ living today.
Green algae have a _______ cycle similar to plants
They also have cell ____ with photosynthetic ______ that are identical to those plants.
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___ sequences confirm that plants are closely related to certain groups of green algae.
The ancestors of the first plants were algae.
The ______ known plant fossil is about 450 myo.
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_______ divide the plant kingdom into ____ groups based on three important features: water-conducting tissues, seeds and flowers.
1. Mosses
2. Ferns
3. Cone-bearing
4. Flowering.
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BRYOPHYTES
OBJECTIVES 22.2
Describe the adaptations of bryophytes.
Identify the three groups of bryophytes.
Explain how bryophytes reproduce.
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Mosses and their relatives are generally called _________.
Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on ___ for reproduction.
Lacking ______ tissue (transports water and nutrients internally), these plants can draw up water by _______ only a few centimeters above the ground.
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During at least one stage of their life cycle, bryophytes produces ____ that must swim through water to reach the ____ of another individual.
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The most recognizable feature of bryophytes is that they are low-growing plants that can be found in ____, shaded areas.
Where water is in regular supply – in habitats from the ____ regions to the ______ – these plants thrive.
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________ are the most common bryophyte (phylum bryophyta).
The leaves of mosses are only ___ cell thick.
They have no vascular tissue.
Instead of roots they have ________ (long, thin cells that hold them to the ground and absorb water an minerals from the soil).
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Rhizoids
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_____ belong to the phylum Hepaticophyta.
They resemble the shape of a liver.
The structures that look like umbrellas, carry the structures that produce eggs and sperm.
Some liverworts reproduce ______ by means of gemmae.
Gemmae are small _________ reproductive structures.
When the gemmae is produced and loosed, it divides by mitosis.
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_______ are members of the phylum Anthocerophyta.
The ________- looks like the liverworts.
The ______ looks like tiny green horns.
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For _________ to occur, the sperm must swim to an egg.
When a spore lands in a moist place, it germinates and grows into amass of tangled green filaments called _______.
The _________ forms rhizoids.
Gametes are formed in reproductive structures at the ____ of the gametophyes.
Sperm with whip like tails are produced in the _______, and egg cells are produced in _______.
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SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
OBJECTIVES 22.3
Explain how vascular tissue is important to ferns and their relatives.
Describe the three phyla of spore-bearing plants.
Identify the stages in the life cycle of ferns.
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Fossil evidence shows that mosslike plants were the first to have a transport system with ____________ tissue.
The first vascular plants had a new cell that was specialized to conduct water.
_______ were one of the great evolutionary innovation of plants.
Tracheids are the key cells in the ____, a transport subsystem that carries water upward from the roots to the plant
Tracheids are _____ cells with thick cell walls.
They are connected end to end like a series of drinking straws.
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Vascular plants have a second transport subsystem composed of vascular tissue called _____.
Both forms of vascular tissue-xylem and phloem-can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of ____.
____ is a substance that makes cells walls rigid.
Ligin enables vascular plants to grow upright.
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Ferns are members of the phylum __________.
More than 11,000 species of ferns are living today.
Ferns have true vascular tissue, strong roots, and underground stems called rhizomes, and large leaves called ____.
Ferns thrive in wet habitats.
Some species grow as large as ____ in the rainforest.
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Ferns and other vascular plants have a life cycle in which the diploid sporophyte is the _____ stage.
These sporophytes develop haploid spores on the underside of their fronds in containers called ______.
Sporangia are group into clusters called ____.
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SEED PLANTS
OBJECTIVES 22.4
Describe the reproductive adaptations of seed plants.
Describe the evolution of seed plants.
Identify the four groups of gymnosperms.
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_________ bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of cones
Gymnosperms included the _____, pines and spruces, as well a palmlike plants called cycads and ginkgoes.
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_______, flowering plants, bear there seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.
Angiosperms include grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, and all wildflowers and cultivated species of flowers.
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The gametophyte of seed plants grow and mature within sporophyte structures called ____.
Cones are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms.
In seed plants, the entire _____ gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a _____.
The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structures is called ___________.
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A ____ is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply.
An ______ is an organism in its early stage of development.
The seed ____ surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents from _______ out.
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Gynosperms include gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers.
gnetophyte
conifer
cycad
ginkgoes
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Angiosperms develop unique reproductive organs known as ______.
Angiosperm means _____ seed.
After pollination the ____ develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal.
When animals eat the fruit they carry them away and are distributed through their _____.
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There are two classes of angiosperms: the ___________ (monocots), and the _______ (dicots).
They are named for their number of seed leaves, or ______, in the plant embryo.
Monocots have ___ seed leaf, and a ___ has two.
------- is the first leaf or the first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant.
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_________ complete their life cycle within one growing season.
_________ complete their life cycle with two growing seasons.
__________ live for more than two year.