Introduction to P&ID Reading & Design
Transcript of Introduction to P&ID Reading & Design
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Introduction to P&ID Reading
and Design
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Process Engineering
Process engineering is often a synonym of
chemical engineering.
It focuses on design, operation and
maintenance of chemical and materialmanufacturing processes.
Process engineering also involves developing
new processes, project engineering andProcess troubleshooting.
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Services in Process Engineering
Process conceptual and feasibility study
Process project scope definition
Process design, evaluation and modification
PFD and P&ID development
Process modeling and simulation
Process equipment sizing and selection
Process safety analysis
Process troubleshooting
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Applications of Process Engineering
Chemical plants
Biotech plants
Crude oil refineries
Fertilizer production
Oil & gas processing
Food processing
Pharmaceutical manufacturers
Pulp paper mills
Mineral processing
Water treatment plants
Nuclear power plants
......
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Type of Flow Diagrams
in Process Engineering
Mass Flow Diagram
Block Flow Diagram (BFD)
Also known as Information Flow Diagram
Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) Alsoknown as Mechanical Flow Diagram (MFD).
Utility Flow Diagram
This is a type of P&ID for common plant utilities(steam, utility air, fuel oil, etc.)
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An Example of Block Flow Diagram (BFD)
Composed of only blocks (rectangles) and straight lines
Each block represents one or more unit operations
The lines represent the major process flow streams (material/
energy flows)
H2(upgrader)
FG(upgrader)
Syn Gas
Diluent
SCO
Upgrader
Sour Gas
Sulfur
Gasifier H2S
Diluted
Bitumen
Pitch
LVGO
HVGO
Kerosene
Diesel
CDU
VDU
DHT
HC
Treating
SRU
GSFR
NHT
Naphtha
Diesel
GO
SDA DAO EB
Naphtha
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Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
A PFD is a schematic representation of a process using
symbols to illustrate major operation units
and major
process flow lines.
A PFD also tabulates process design values
for the
streams in different operating modes (minimum, normal
and maximum).
A PFD is typically the first drawing developed for a
process, often in the pre-conceptual or conceptual
design phase.
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What should be included in a PFD
A PFD should include:
Major equipment (symbols, names and identification #)
Main process piping and flow direction
Operating pressure and temperature
Major bypass and recirculation lines
Major control and instrumentation (optional)
A PFD should not include:
Pipe line numbers
Minor components and minor bypass lines
Isolation and shutoff valves
Maintenance vents and drains
Relief and safety valves
Code class information
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A Sample of PFD
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Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
Scope
It is a detailed symbolic representation of
process interconnection, including all equipment,piping, and instrumentation.
All items are identified using a standard
numbering system.
It should be developed at the Basic Engineering
stage.
It is the basis for all Detail Engineering work inplant design.
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Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
Synonyms
Process and instrument diagram (P&ID)
Piping and Instrument diagram (P&ID)
Mechanical flow diagram (MFD)
Engineering flow diagram (EFD)
Piping and wiring diagram (P&WD)
Pipe and identification diagram (P&ID)
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Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
Multidisciplinary
Technical contents of P&IDs
rely on multi-
disciplines:
Process
Mechanical
Piping
Control and Instrumentation
Plant Operation
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P&ID
Classification
Process P&ID
Define on-plot process unit design, as well as off-plot tankage
andshipping systems
Utility Plant P&ID
Define utility units such as cooling towers, air compressors, boilers,unit drain collection systems, fire water systems, and watertreatment plants.
Utili ty Distribution P&ID
Show the distribution of utilities within a given process. Valving
andinstrumentation on piping are shown for main headers up to andincluding branch root valves.
Interconnecting (Rack) P&ID
They are the connecting link between individual process, utility
plant,and utility distribution P&IDs. They are usually prepared for theoffsite pipe racks and link the various process and utility plants.
Vendor P&ID
Prepared for systems that support major equipment packages.
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Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
Format
There are no universal format to be used indeveloping P&IDs.
The P&ID formats vary with industry segments andcontractors.
In reality, every industrial company that develops oruses P&IDs
has its unique formats/guidelines forP&IDs.
The P&ID preparation should follow the formats fromindividual clients.
The P&ID formats are similar for different companies
in the same industry.
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Two Key Elements in P&IDs
Piping:
Physical elements that interconnect equipment and process flow.
In different sizes, normally expressed as nominal sizes
In different materials. The most common material is carbon steel.
Other metals, such as various grades of stainless steel, and
plastic materials, such as PVC, Teflon, are also used.
With thermal insulation, if required.
Instrumentation
Devices used to measure, control, and monitor the process
variables. These variables can be flowrate, temperature,pressure, liquid level, viscosity, and others.
Control valves and relief valves are also an important part of the
instrumentation.
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Relationship between PFD and P&ID
For a process, a PFD is a simple representation, while a P&ID
is a definitive and comprehensive representation.
A PFD shows major equipment and major process lines, while
a P&ID shows all equipment and all process lines.
A PFD shows major operating conditions (flow, temperatureand pressure), while a P&ID shows piping, valves and
instruments that monitor and control the process.
P&IDs
are more important in the design process, but PFDs
provide a basis for P&IDs
development.
PFDs
and P&IDs
use the same symbols and formats.
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What should be included in a P&ID?
All equipment with names and identification numbers
Piping with flow direction and line numbers (pipe specifications
and line sizes are included in line numbers)
All valves
All instrumentation with controlling devices and signal inputs andoutputs
Interconnection references (from one P&ID to another P&ID)
Miscellaneous
vents, drains, special fittings, sample lines, andreducers
Permanent start-up and flush lines
Interfaces for class changes
Vendor and contractor interfaces
Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others
Intended physical sequence of the equipment
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What should not be included in a P&ID?
Manual switches
Equipment rating or capacity
Pressure, temperature and flow data
Supplier package piping which is internal to thepackage and has no operational interface
Elbows, tees and similar standard pipe fittings
Extensive explanatory notes
Physical details and dimensions
Piping connections and type (e.g. threaded, flanged,etc.)
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Basic Steps for P&ID Preparation
Show all equipments with necessary piping to carry outthe process
Show all connecting process piping necessary to carry
out the process
Show all other piping required for auxiliaries
Show all required valves and major non-standard fittings
Show all required instruments and control loops
Mark size, fluid code, material code & identificationnumbers of all pipe lines
Mark interlock numbers as per interlock description
Review P&ID considering all operational, startup/shutdown, safety, maintenance & aesthetic aspects
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Three Key Types of Symbols in P&IDs
Equipment symbols:
Process operation units for mass transfer, heat
transfer, momentum transfer and chemical reaction
Piping symbols:
Relevant to pipe, valves, and connections
Instrumentation symbols:
Sensing, monitoring and controlling
The symbology follows the ISA standard ANSI/ISA-
5.1-1984 (R1992).
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Equipment Symbols in P&IDs
Pumps
Compressors
Fans & blowers
Mixers & agitators
Conveyors & feeders and other material handling
Separation equipment (liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, liquid-solid,
gas-solid, gas-gas)
Tanks & drums (storage)
Heat exchangers
Heating & cooling elements
Reactors
Turbines, generators and motors
Transportation equipment
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Examples of Equipment Symbols
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Piping Symbols in P&IDs
Process flow lines (often combined with signallines for instrumentation)
Valves
P&ID connectors
Reducers/Increasers
Caps
Connections
In-line items
Fire and safety
Miscellaneous labels
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Examples of Piping Symbols
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Instrumentation Symbols in P&IDs
General instrument or function symbols
Signals and lines
Sensors (four basic instrument groups)
Temperature (T)
Pressure (P)
Flowrate
(F)
Level (L)
Self-actuated devices
Pressure (regulators, relief/safety valves)
Temperature, flow, and level (regulators)
Valve actuators
Pneumatic & electric (solenoid, diaphragm, cylinder,motor, etc.)
With & without positioners
Miscellaneous labels
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Signal/Line Symbols
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Some Sensor & Control Valve Symbols
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Exercise: Identification of P&ID Symbols
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General Instrument Symbols
Instrument Symbol
A circle --
individual measurement
instruments such as transmitters,
sensors, and detectors for pressure,temperature, flow, level
A square with a circle inside --
instruments that both display
measurement readings and performsome control function (e.g. DCS
connection and control)
A hexagon --
computer functions.
A square with a diamond --
PLC
(Programmable Logic Control)
functions.
Instrument Location
Solid line: Control room panel
No line: Field
Double solid: Remote panel
Dash line: Behind panel in control room
Double dash line: Behind remote panel
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Instrument Identification
Tag Number
Instrument symbols should contain
letters and numbers.
The letters indicate the instrument
type, and the numbers identify thecontrol loop.
Usually 2 or 3 letters are used.
The first letter identifies the
measured or initiating variable,
The second is a modifier,
The remaining letters identify the
function.
Normally a plant # should be
prefixed to the Tag#.
e.g. 265-PI217 (265 is a plant #)
a.
Pressure indicator, Loop 217,located in the field.
b.
Pressure indicator, Loop 217, oncontrol panel, located in the
control room.c.
Pressure indicator, Loop 217,signal to DCS.
PI
217
PI
217
PI
217
a b c
Examples of Instrument #
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Instrument Identification LettersFirst Letter Succeeding Letters
Measured or InitiatingVariable Modifier Readout or PassiveFunction Output Function Modifier
A Analysis Alarm
B Burner, Combustion Users Choice Users Choice Users Choice
C Users Choice Control
D Users Choice Differential
E Voltage Sensory (Primary)
F Flow Rate Ratio
G Users Choice Glass, Viewing Device
H Hand High
I Current Indicate
J Power Scan
K Time Time Rate of Change Control Station
L Level Light Low
M Users Choice Momentary Middle
N Users Choice Users Choice Users Choice Users Choice
O Users Choice Orifice
P Pressure, Vacuum Test Point
Q Quantity Integrate, Totalize
R Radiation Record
S Speed, Frequency Safety Switch
T Temperature Transmit
U Multivariable Multifunction Multifunction Multifunction
V Vibration, mechanical analysis
W Weight, Force Well
X Unclassified x-axis Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified
Y Event, State or presence y-axis Relay, Compute, Convert
Z Position, Dimension z-axis Driver, Actuator
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Some Combinations of Instrument Letters
PC Pressure controller TA Temperature alarm
PI Pressure indicator TI Temperature indicator
PT Pressure transmitter TR Temperature recorder
PR Pressure recorder TY Temperature I/P converter
PY Pressure converter TW Temperature well
PIC Pressure indicating controller TIC Temperature indicating controller
PRC Pressure recording controller TRC Temperature recording controller
PSVPressure safety valve/
Pressure relief valveTCV Temperature control valve
PCV Pressure control valve
I/P: Current to Pneumatic.
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Some Combinations of Instrument Letters
FA Flow alarm LA Level alarm
FE Flow element LAH Level alarm high
FI Flow indicator LAL Level alarm low
FR Flow recorder LC Level controller
FT Flow transmitter LG Level glass
FY Flow I/P converter LI Level indicator
FF Flow ratio LIC Level indicating controller
FCV Flow control valve LRC Level recording controller
FRC Flow recording controller LCV Level control valve
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A Control Loop Example in P&ID
FT123: field-mounted flow transmitter
FIC123: panel-mounted flow indicating
controller located in a shared
control/display device
TY123: temperature I/P converter
located in an inaccessible location
TT123: filed-mounted temperature
transmitter
TIC123: field-mounted temperatureindicating controller. Its output is
connected via an internal software or
data link to the setpoint (SP) of
FIC123.
YIC123: an event indicating controller.
All inputs and outputs are wired to a
PLC accessible to the operator. YIC
typically indicates a controlled on/off
valve.
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Rules of Thumb in P&ID Design
P&IDs
are typically developed from PFDs, so that understandingthe designed process is a key basis for P&ID design.
P&IDs
do not have a drawing scale and usually present only thefunctional relationship, not the relative physical locations ofcomponents.
P&IDs
are done in a single line
format that represents all pipingand ductwork as a single line regardless of size.
P&IDs
should be specific to one system only, i.e. no more than onesystem should be shown on a single diagram.
P&IDs
should be configured such that major flow should generallybe from left to right and from top to bottom, if possible. Primary
flow paths should not suffer major changes in directions on P&IDs.
P&IDs
should start simple and then be enhanced in severalrevisions to address the real process by various disciplines.
Following the style from the existing P&IDs for the same client.
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Line Designation (Line Number) in P&IDs
Line # is required for piping in P&IDs
Position of the line #: normally above piping lines
Different formats of line # for different companies
A line # contains the following basic information:
Plant #
Commodity symbol
Line serial #
Piping/Line size
Piping/Line class (optional)
An example: 6N1-4-CA2B
Plant 6, Nitrogen line 1, 4
pipe, piping class
CA2B
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Styles for Flow Direction in P&IDs
2.
Flow arrow at the end of each line1.
Flow arrow at each turning point
3.
Flow arrow at the middle of each line
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Valve Status for Bypass Lines
Its better to mark the valve status on the bypasslines including safety relief lines:
NC
Normal Closed
NO
Normal Open
CSC
Car Seal Closed
CSO
Car Seal Open
LC
Lock Closed
LO
Lock Open
Relief valves need to indicate their set pressures
e.g. SET @125 PSIG
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Accompanying Deliverables from P&IDs
Equipment List
Line List (Line Designation Table - LDT)
Valve List
Instrument List
Tie-In ListA Tie-in List shall be issued indicating the extent of the Vendor package battery limitseach time a P&ID issue is made starting with IFA. For plant modification, the tie-inpoint is the point where from process or utility is connected in
the existing systems.
Holds ListA "Holds" list must be issued each time a P&ID issue is made starting with IFD. The"Hold" indicates where the information used as input to the P&ID
is preliminary andthe item is used with risk in the downstream design.
Revision list
A Revision List defines the changes made in the design so that appropriate actioncan be taken to accommodate those changes. A Revision List must accompany anyissue of P&IDs
after IFH if the changes are too extensive to be distinguished in therevision box and by clouding.
(IFA -
Issued for Approval, IFD -
Issued for Design, IFH -
Issued for HAZOP)
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As-Built
P&IDs
When there are modifications done in construction,commissioning, qualification, or at any other time after thefacility has been validated and operating, the P&ID must be
modified to indicate the latest information.
Frequently these modifications arise from construction,post-construction, and C&Q walk-downs prior to the
system turn-over from IQ, OQ and PQ.
All changes must be processed through the QualityManagement System (QMS).
All changes on a P&ID must be bubbled, signed and dated.
Often a new revision number should be assigned to a As-Built
P&ID.
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Software for Developing P&IDs
AutoPLANT
P&ID
AutoCAD-based (Bentley)
PlantSpace
P&ID
MicroStation-based (Bentley)
SmartPlant
P&ID
Able to convert AutoCAD orMicroStation
based P&ID to SmartPlant
P&ID
(Intergraph)
CADWorx
P&ID
AutoCAD-based (CodeCAD
Inc.)
AutoCAD P&ID
AutoCAD-based (Autodesk)
CADPIPE P&ID
AutoCAD-based (AEC Design Group)
AutoFLOW
AutoCAD-based (PROCAD)
HexaCAD
P&ID
(Hexagon Software)
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AutoCAD P&ID 2007
for Developing P&IDs1.
Industry standard P&ID symbols
2.
Dynamic process and signal lines3.
Dynamic components
4.
Report and list generation
5.
Import and export to MS Excel
6.
Tag generation and uniqueness
7.
Search and edit using a spreadsheet interface
8.
Easy symbol creation and substitution
9.
Review and approve data edits
http://www.autodesk.com/us/autocadpid/interactiveoverview2008/index.html
http://www.autodesk.com/us/autocadpid/interactiveoverview2008/index.htmlhttp://www.autodesk.com/us/autocadpid/interactiveoverview2008/index.html