Introduction To Physical Geology. The Science Geology is typically broken up into two fields of...
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Transcript of Introduction To Physical Geology. The Science Geology is typically broken up into two fields of...
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Introduction
To Physical Geology
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The Science
• Geology is typically broken up into two fields of study
– Physical Geology
– Historical Geology
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Physical Geology
• Examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the processes that operate beneath the surface
– It is the how and why of Geology
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Historical Geology
• Seeks an understanding of the origin of Earth and its development through time.
– It is the who, what, where, and when
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The rock cycle
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The rock cycle
- Series of processes by which rocks changes into other types of rocks
- Illustrates various processes and paths as earth materials change both on the surface and inside the Earth
- What are the three main rocks ? 1 -Igneous
2 -Metamorphic 3 -Sedimentary
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The rock cycle
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Fundamental Rock Types
- Igneous Rocks: solidify from melt, e.g. lava (extrusive) or magma (intrusive)
- Sedimentary Rocks: are made at the Earth’s surface from particle and chemical remnants of other rocks
- Metamorphic rocks: form when other rocks are heated, squeezed, and deformed.
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Granite (igneous, intrusive)
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Basalt (igneous, extrusive)
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Conglomerate (sedimentary)
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Shale and sandstone (sedimentary)
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Limestone (sedimentary)
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Sandstone (sedimentary)
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Marble (metamorphic)
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Quartzite (metamorphic)
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Gneiss (metamorphic)
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Earth as a System
– Earth’s Four Spheres• Atmosphere
– The air we breathe
• Hydrosphere– The water we drink
• Biosphere– life
• Solid Earth– Where we live
All of these spheres interact with each other. A minor adjusting In the properties of one could lead to drastic changes in the Properties of the other three
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Earth’s Outermost Layers
• The most dynamic portion of the Earth– Atmosphere
• Thin gaseous envelope surrounding Earth– Hydrosphere
• Water layer dominated by the oceans– Biosphere
• All living things on the planet– Lithosphere
• Rocky outer shell
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The Atmosphere
•Composition is unique in solar system
–78% nitrogen
–21% oxygen (not present in early
atmosphere)
–Minor amounts of carbon dioxide, argon and water vapor
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The Hydrosphere
• Total mass of water on or near the Earth’s surface– Covers 71% of Earth’s surface
– ~98% in oceans
– 2% in glaciers, groundwater, lakes and streams (fresh water)
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The Biosphere
• All life on Earth– Animals & plants on land, in the sea
and air
– Microorganisms-the most common form of life
– Evolved within narrow zone near the Earth’s surface
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Earth’s Internal Structure
• Solid Earth has a layered structure– Layers defined by composition and
physical properties
– Compositional layers• crust - mantle - core
– Physical layers• lithosphere - asthenosphere -
mesosphere - outer core - inner core
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Compositional Layers
• Crust– Outermost compositional layer
– Definite change in composition at the base of the crust
– 2 types:• Continental crust• Oceanic crust
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Compositional Layers
• Mantle– Largest layer in the Earth
• 2900 km thick• 82% by volume• 68% by mass
– Composed of silicate rocks with abundant iron and magnesium• Density ranges from 3.2 to 5 g/cm3
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Compositional Layers
• Core– Central mass about 7000km in
diameter
– Average density of 10.8 g/cm3
– 16% by volume, 32% of mass
– Indirect evidence of composition• Metallic iron
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Physical Layers
• Lithosphere– Crust + upper portion of the mantle
– Solid & rigid
– Thickness ranges from 10 km beneath oceans to 300 km in continental areas
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• Crust– Continental crust
• Thick - up to 75 km• Lower density - 2.7 g/cm3
• Strongly deformed• Much older - may be billions of years old
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• Crust– Oceanic crust
• Thinner - about 8 km• More dense - 3.0 g/cm3
• Comparatively undeformed• Much younger - < 200 million years old
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Physical Geology
• Earth’s Systems– Atmosphere
• gases that surround the Earth
– Hydrosphere• water on or near Earth’s surface
– Biosphere• all living or once-living materials
– Geosphere• solid, rocky Earth
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Earth’s Interior
• Compositional Layers– Crust
• Very thin outer rocky shell of Earth
• Variable thickness
– Mantle • Hot solid • Special “plastic” zone• Fe-, Mg-, Si-rich minerals
– Core • Outer core
– liquid – mostly iron
• Inner core – solid– mostly iron
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Earth’s internal layers
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The Earth in Space
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Age of the Earth = 4.5 Billion years[4,600,000,000 years]
Age of the Universe = 14 Billion years
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Earth Compared to Other Planets
• The Solar System– The inner planets
• Rocky planets near the Sun• Mercury, Venus, Earth & Mars
– The outer planets• Giant gaseous planets• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
– Pluto, a small icy minor planet
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Origin of the Solar System
• Gravitational collapse of gas & dust cloud [nebula]– Rotation around a central mass
– Disk shaped cloud
– Temperature variations segregated matter
– Small particles accreted into larger planetesimals, planets
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How do we Know this?
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• Differences between inner and outer planets:– Density – The rocky inner planets=densities of 3 g/cm3 more
– The gaseous outer Planets=densities of 1.6 g/cm3 or less