From ELMs to function: interaction networks and feature spaces
Introduction to New Media Interaction. Spaces of Interaction.
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Transcript of Introduction to New Media Interaction. Spaces of Interaction.
Introduction to New Media Interaction
Spaces of Interaction
Minority Report
Intelligent billboards
Aims of this lecture• Consider the implications
of a paradigm shift in media communications
• Considers five key elements of this paradigm
1. Historical view of interactivity
2. Modelling interactivity3. Interactivity from a design
perspective4. User interaction (UCD &
UXD)5. Ubiquitous interaction
Historical view of interactivity
from the old to the new
normal science
crisis
revolution
new science
A paradigm shift
Thomas Kuhn’s (1970)Structure of Science
Digital media
Crisis
Information revolution
•Digitization of print in 1980s
•Impact of Internet on ad revenue for newspapers and TV in 2008
Digitalization and
convergence of media
New media
A paradigm shiftStructure of Media?
Analogue media
Early computation had little to do with interaction
Paradigm ShiftDouglas Engelbart’s 1968 demonstration at
Augmentation Research Centre in San Francisco
Before Engelbart, human interaction with a computer was ‘laughable’
Link to videos of 1968 demonstrationand interview with Engelbart
User tools and collective intelligence• Douglas Engelbart 1968 Augmentation
Research
• Computers used to augment ‘collective IQ’
• Demonstrates user tools– the mouse – keyboard – hypertext – dynamic file linking– hierarchical structuring of text– videoconferencing
bootstrapping
The augmentation of the human intellect via interaction understood as a collective bootstrapping process
1969• Engelbart would go on to
hook up the second node of ARPANet in the following year and, during the next decade, would help to build an online community on that network, which has now become the Internet
(See the MIT New Media Reader, 2003).
What makes the Global Village is not the content or the message of the medium, but the medium itself
‘The medium shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and actions’
(McLuhan 1964 p. 9)
The medium is the me[a]ssage
Not necessarily about Harmony. Not just about glorious technological change.
Big social and political changes to the way we live, work and play
Wapping video
Changing Our Relations to the Media and the Economy
Modelling Interactivity
What is new about ‘new’ media?
• Differences between old media and new are greater user choice and control
Pavlik, 1998 New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Perspectives
Interactivitydefined
Interactivity• 1 : mutually or reciprocally active
• 2 : of, relating to, or being a two-way electronic communication system (as a telephone, cable television, or a computer) that involves a user's orders (as for information or merchandise) or responses (as to a poll)
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
interactivity
Interactivity is based on changing roles of
sender/receiver
simple model of linear communication
transmitter Receiver(s)
message
interactive communication
Transmitter
ReceiverReceiver(s)
Transmitter(s)
message
Interaction defined
Communicator A Communicator B
Communicator A
response
message
Response/reaction
Bretz (1983) cited in Hanssen, Jankowski and Etienne 1996 Contours of Multimedia
Three levels of interactionRafaeli (1988)
Bidirectionality (navigational, click-thru)
Reactiveness (dynamic database)
Responsiveness (face-to-face, email, artificial
intelligence)
Responsiveness
• ELIZA was written at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 to 1966.
• http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza-cgi-bin/eliza_script
• Richard Wallace began development of Alice in 1995, while at Lehigh University
• http://www.pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?botid=f5d922d97e345aa1
Meet Jen
“Jenn” at alaskaair.com
Clever(er) Bots
• See http://www.cleverbot.com/
Interactivity from a design perspective
What should interaction designers strive for?
• Tannenbaum argues that a good mix of
• interactivity • social presence• Like face-to-face, interpersonal
communication
Should interaction design strive to be interpersonal?
• How can designers make new media interpersonal?
• Immediacy of response• Non-sequential access to
information • Adaptability• High levels of feedback
Assumptions about face-to-face
communication
Assumptions about face-to-face
communication• Steve Jones (1999)
• CMC has become a race to provide the most ‘lifelike’ interaction possible
• problems with face-to-face interaction
It does not necessarily break down barriers of communication….
Should all new media be interactive?
‘…from the perspective of functionality, it is not necessary to always strive for a high degree of interactivity’
Hanssen, Jankowski and Etienne, Contours of Multimedia 1996
User Research
• What do users consider interactivity to be?
• Control over sequence
• Greater number of choices
• However,
• Too much control experienced negatively
• Decision-making obstacle to use
• A degree of linearity aided user orientation
User Interaction
Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
• HCI is about the design of computers, but ‘from the user's point of view’
• In Draper and Norman (eds) "User-Centered System Design" 1986 p. 2
• HCI uses cognitive psychology frameworks
Donald Norman
Three Paradigms Within HCI
1. Ergonomic 2. Cognitive
2nd paradigm HCI
2nd paradigm HCI and Mental Models
Cognitive Walkthrough
• Making a Fried Breakfast
• Write down a step-by-step (walk-through) of what you do to make breakfast
Making Breakfast
Get frying pan ready
Heat fat in pan
Break egg(s)
Fry eggs in pan
Make toast and butter
Put on a plate and eat
BreakfastMaker. version 3.5
User Centred Design
User Testing
User Centred Design
Paper Prototypes
Videos on paper prototypes
Paper Prototype
Paper Prototype IMP06 HR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykJ60H4Qkvg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WbxisFDYk4&feature=related
See Bill Verplank on YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3rxCLhzmXY
3rd Paradigm HCI
• From Usability to User Experience (UXD)• Use and Social Context• Ethnography as design method• Emotions, Feelings and Affect• Task versus Non-Task• Ubicomp/Pervasive Computing
Ubiquitous Interaction
See GreenfieldLectures On Everyware
See Adam Greenfield on Youtubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrbGBhzZPic
Challenges for Interaction DesignSee Dan Saffer, Designing for Interaction (2010) Berkeley: New Riders (Greenfield interviewed in chapter nine)
• “When a room, or a lamppost, or a running shoe is, in and of itself, an information gathering, processing, storage, and transmission device, it's crazy to assume that the keyboard or the traditional GUI makes sense as a channel for interaction “
A Multiplicity of Interactions
The Space of Interaction• Interaction design will need to
consider “multiplicity.”• “Instead of the neatly
circumscribed space of interaction between a single user and his or her PC, his or her mobile, we're going to have to contend with a situation in which multiple users are potentially interacting with multiple technical systems in a given space at a given moment.”
Quality of User Experience
• “Networked information-processing devices are going to be deployed everywhere in the built environment rather strongly implies the inadequacy of the traditional user interface modalities… most particularly keyboards and keypads.”
• The future is interaction based on voice, gestural and pervasive interfaces