Introduction to nanotechnology
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Transcript of Introduction to nanotechnology
Introduction to Nanotechnology
Sneha KachharaSemester VIIICentre for Converging Technologies, Jaipur.([email protected])
Outline
A brief overview History of Nanotechnology How it is done Applications Research Trends Research in India Environmental and social impacts Nano at CCT
What is NANO?
It doesn’t mean NANO car! Comes from the Greek word ‘nano’ meaning dwarf Nanoscience and nanotechnology are
the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science and engineering.
http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition.htm
How small?
How small?
https://class.coursera.org/nanotech-001/wiki/view?page=week1
How small?
https://class.coursera.org/nanotech-001/wiki/view?page=week1
Strangeness at the nano-level
Quantum Effects Opaque substances become transparent
(copper) Inert materials become catalysts (platinum) Stable materials turn combustible (aluminum) Solids turn into liquids at room temperature
(gold) Insulators become conductors (silicon)
http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_things_you_should_know_3.php#ixzz2lCQCR3dt
Example: Gold nanoparticles
The diameter of gold nanoparticles determines the wavelength of light absorbed.
http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html
Strangeness at the nano-level
Surface to Volume ratio
Strangeness at the nano-level
Biology
Strangeness at the nano-level
Carbon Nanotubes
Nanotechnology is not new
1600 year old Roman goblet Shines differently from different
angles Contains gold and silver
nanoparticles(50 nm)
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/This-1600-Year-Old-Goblet-Shows-that-the-Romans-Were-Nanotechnology-Pioneers-220563661.html#ixzz2lCZDD5aN
Nanotechnology is not new
Stained glass of medieval Europe St. Vitus cathedral(built 1364 AD)
Wikipedia commons
Modern Nanotechnology
1959
“Why can we not write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”
Modern Nanotechnology
1980s
Modern Nanotechnology
Scanning Probe Microscopy (1981)
Bio-degradable polymer nano fiber, poly caprolactam Sample Courtesy: Prof. SR.Kim, Chungju National Univ.
Modern Nanotechnology
Electron Microscopy(1930s)
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Everything is made up of atoms Two ways to make nanomaterials:
Top-down Bottom-up
Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Top-down approach
Making smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly
Start with large structures Slow Generally expensive Examples: Ball milling, Lithography
etc.
Synthesis of nanomaterials: Bottom-up approaches
Self-assembly Makes use of physical forces down at
atomic/molecular level Start with atoms or molecules Less expensive Found inherently in nature Examples: sol-gel processing,
Chemical vapour deposition etc.
Nanotechnology in everyday Life
Nanotechnology in everyday Life
Nano is everywhere
Nano is everywhere
Sporting goods: Polymer composite additives
Fabrics: Surface treatments Digital displays and sunglasses: thin
films Food and Automotives: Nano-
engineered materials Machine Parts: ceramic coatings
http://www.nano-reviews.net/index.php/nano/article/view/5883/7100
Nano is everywhere(cont.) Electronics and Information Technology
Nano-scale transistors: faster, more powerful, and increasingly energy-efficient
Displays of OLED screens: brighter images in a flat format, wider viewing angles, lightweight, better picture density, lower power consumption, and longer lifetimes
Flash memory chips for iPod nanos Ultra responsive hearing aids antimicrobial/antibacterial coatings on
mouse/keyboard/cell phone casings conductive inks for printed electronics for RFID/smart
cards/smart packaging flexible displays for e-book readers
http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits
Nano is everywhere(cont.) Sustainable Energy
More efficient solar panels: inexpensive solar power, lightweight, flexible
Nano-bioengineered enzymes: enable conversion of cellulose into ethanol for fuel
Batteries: less flammable, quicker-charging, more efficient, lighter weight, and that have a higher power density and hold electrical charge longer
waste heat in computers, automobiles, homes, power plants, etc., to usable electrical power.
CNT: wires having much lower resistance Energy from light, friction, and/or body heat.
http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits
Nano is everywhere(cont.) Environmental Remediation
Nanoparticles to clean industrial water pollutants in ground water through chemical reactions
Nano-fabric "paper towel," woven from tiny wires of potassium manganese oxide, can absorb 20 times its weight in oil for cleanup applications.
Nano-filters in airplanes Nanotechnology-enabled sensors and solutions to
detect, identify, and filter out, and/or neutralize harmful chemical or biological agents in the air and soil with much higher sensitivity than is possible today.
http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits
Nano is everywhere(cont.) Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine
Nano-crystals for biological imaging for medical diagnostics. These crystals offer optical detection up to 1,000 times better than conventional dyes used in many biological tests, such as MRIs, and render significantly more information.
Gold nanoparticles can be used to detect early-stage Alzheimer’s disease.
Cancer treatment To spur the growth of nerve cells
http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits
The Research Trends
The Research Trends: Global
The Research Centres: India
The Nano Mission: India
The Nano Mission is a Mission-Mode programme within DST. At the apex level, it is steered by a Nano Mission Council (NMC). It is currently being chaired by Professor CNR Rao, FRS, National Research Professor and Honorary President & Linus Pauling Research Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore.
The Nano Mission: India
If the top-10 place eludes India in global ranking for science performance — whether in innovation or publications, it is because of “subcritical funding” the discipline receives, according to the scientific adviser to the Prime Minister, C.N.R. Rao, who has been named for Bharat Ratna.
"But for the money that science receives, India, I suppose, is doing well," he said.
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cnr-rao-bemoans-lack-of-funding-for-science/article5361265.ece
Nanotechnology at CCT
Synthesis of CdS, ZnS and ZnO Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Thin Films of ZnO and Polymer films Green Synthesis Converging Technologies
Issues with Nanotechnology
Adverse effects of nanomaterial cannot be derived from the known toxicity of the macro-sized material
the potential for mass poisoning over a period of time
Easy Propagation to animal cells Effective in small quantity
http://nanogloss.com/nanotechnology/the-potential-disadvantages-of-nanotechnology/#ixzz2lDC1QPw4
Major risks with Nanotechnology
Economic disruption from an abundance of cheap products
Economic oppression from artificially inflated prices
Personal risk from criminal or terrorist use Personal or social risk from abusive restrictions Social disruption from new products/lifestyles Environmental damage or health risks from
unregulated products Free-range self-replicators (grey goo) Black market in nanotech (increases other
risks)http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm
Societal Impact
Conclusion
Thank you!Q & A