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Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH KRISTEN M. KULINOWSKI, PH.D. 8-Hour Training...
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
KRISTEN M. KULINOWSKI, PH.D.
8-Hour Training Course
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This material was produced under grant number SH-21008-10-60-F-48 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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Eight-Hour Training CourseModule 1
Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
Module 2
What Workers Need to Know about Nanomaterial Toxicology
Module 3
Assessing Exposure to Nanomaterials in the Workplace
Module 4 Controlling Exposure to Nanomaterials
BREAK
Module 5
Risk Management Approaches for Nanomaterial Workplaces
Module 6
Regulations and Standards Relevant to Nanomaterial Workplaces
Module 7 Tools and Resources for Further Study 1-3
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Lesson Overview
PurposeTo provide workers with introductory information about nanotechnology and nanomaterialsTopics
1. How small is a nanometer?2. Definitions and commonly used terms3. How is the nanoscale different from the
macroscale or the atomic scale?4. Major classes of nanomaterials and
their benefits1-4
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Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this module you should be able to Contrast objects at the nanoscale with larger
and smaller forms of matterDefine key terms in nanotechnologyExplain some of the ways nanomaterial
properties differ from molecules and microscale particles
Describe some of the physical and chemical characteristics that can change at the nanoscale
Describe some of the major classes of nanomaterials produced today and their properties and potential benefits
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HOW SMALL IS A NANOMETER?
Topic 1
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Topic 1: How small is a nanometer?
1 nm = 0.000000001 m= 10-9 m= one billionth meter
http://www.sniffcode.com/view.php?id=8
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Handout 1
Courtesy Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. DOE
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VIRUS
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Where does each of these fit?
1. Bacterium2. Ant3. Molecule4. Buckyball (C60)
Place the following objects on the ruler according to their approximate size. (Use diameter unless otherwise specified.)
5. Virus6. Human hair7. Atom
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DEFINITIONS AND COMMONLY USED TERMS
Topic 2
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Topic 2: Definitions and Commonly Used TermsKey terms: nanotechnology,
nanoscale, nanomaterial, nanoparticle, nanofiber
There are several standard definitions for each of theseGROUP ACTIVITY (See Handout 2)
In groups of 3-5, find similarities and differences among the definitions of nanotechnology, nanoparticle and nanomaterial published by ASTM, BSI and OSHA.
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What is it?
1.5 nm x 1.5 nm x 10 m
60 nm diameter(57 nm core: 3 nm shell)
Large voids: >200 nm diameterSmall inner pores: ~60 nm diameter
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Nanofiber OR Nanomaterial
Nanoparticle OR Nanomaterial
Nanostructured material
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Different Types of Nanomaterials
Naturally Occurring
Human Origin (Incidental)
Human Origin (Engineered)
Forest fires Cooking smoke Metals
Sea spray Diesel exhaust Quantum dots
Mineral composites Welding fumes Buckyballs/Nanotubes
Volcanic ash Industrial effluents Sunscreen pigments
Viruses Sandblasting Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology
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HOW IS THE NANOSCALE DIFFERENT FROM THE MACROSCALE OR THE ATOMIC SCALE?
Topic 3
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Topic 3: How is the nanoscale different from the macroscale or the atomic scale?
Baseball: ~2.8 inches in diameter Softball: ~3.8 inches in diameter
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Nanomaterial Properties Can Change with Size
The nanoworld
At the nanometer scale, fundamental physical and chemical properties depend on the size of the object. 1-16
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Early Nanotechnologists
Lycurgus Cuphttp://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_lycurgus_cup.aspx 1-17
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Would you buy this gold?
Bulk Gold (Au) = YellowConductiveNonmagneticChemically inert
Nano Gold = RedLoses conductivity at ~ 1-3 nmBecomes magnetic ~ 3 nmExplosive and catalytic!
Gold (~ 10 nm)
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Physical and Chemical Properties that can Change at the Nanoscale
ColorMelting temperatureCrystal structureChemical reactivityElectrical conductivityMagnetismMechanical strength…
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Nanomaterials Exhibit Diversity in…
Form or shape
Chemical composition
Surface treatments
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Surface Area is a Big Factor
Each side =1 mMass ≈ 43,000 lbSurface Area (SA) = 6 m2
≈ 8 ft x 8 ft room
Each side =1/4 mMass ≈ 43,000 lbSA = 24 m2
Each side =1 nmMass ≈ 43,000 lbSA = 6 billion m2 ≈ 2500 miles2
State of Delaware = 2490 miles2
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MAJOR CLASSES OF NANOMATERIALS AND THEIR BENEFITS
Topic 4
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Major Classes of Nanomaterials and Sample Applications
Category Chemical Composition Product example
Fullerenes, Nanotubes; Nanowires
carbon, boron nitrides Anti-static fabrics
Metals silver, gold, iron, copper
Anti-microbial wound dressings
Ceramics (metal oxides)
titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, cerium oxide
Sunscreen filters, self-cleaning glass
Semiconductors (Quantum dots)
cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride
Medical imaging agents
Polymeric hydrocarbon polymers Drug delivery devices
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Detecting Cancer Cells
What is it?Small SiO2 (silica)
sphere with thin gold coating
AdvantagesEnhances the
detection of cancer cells in real time
Why Nano?Particle size affects
its response to light 1-25
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Self-Cleaning GlassWhat is it?Thin film of
titanium dioxide bonded to glass
AdvantagesReduces energy
usage Self-cleaning glassPPG Industries
Reduces cost and effort of cleaning glassWhy Nano?Film doesn’t change glass colorNano-size enhances the photocatalytic
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Small Change, Big Savings
What is it?Thin film of polymer
bonded to paintAdvantagesReduces friction-
causing debris build-up on plane surface
Reduces fuel consumption 1-2% ~$22 millionWhy Nano?Film adds a mere 4 oz to weight of the jet
(compared to 176 pounds of paint)
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Balancing the Benefits and Risks
Nanomaterials’ special physical and chemical properties may lead to unexpected interactions with
biological and environmental systems. 1-28
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Eight-Hour Training CourseModule 1
Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
Module 2
What Workers Need to Know about Nanomaterial Toxicology
Module 3
Assessing Exposure to Nanomaterials in the Workplace
Module 4 Controlling Exposure to Nanomaterials
LUNCH (on your own)
Module 5
Risk Management Approaches for Nanomaterial Workplaces
Module 6
Regulations and Standards Relevant to Nanomaterial Workplaces
Module 7 Tools and Resources for Further Study 1-29
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Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this module you should be able to Contrast objects at the nanoscale with larger
and smaller forms of matterDefine key terms in nanotechnologyExplain some of the ways nanomaterial
properties differ from molecules and microscale particles
Describe some of the physical and chemical characteristics that can change at the nanoscale
Describe some of the major classes of nanomaterials produced today and their properties and potential benefits
1-30