Introduction to Microcontroller Systems - Chalmers · · 2005-08-302005-08-30 Introduction to...

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2005-08-30 Introduction to Microcontroller Systems

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Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering

Introduction to MicrocontrollerSystems


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Sven Knutsson031-772 57 [email protected]/~svenk/IT_university


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Embedded system

• Real time • Size• Price• Power consumption• User interface• Limited memory• Hardware/software


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Assembler or C?

• Performance (assembler)• Development (C)


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Datatypes 1

• Floating point/fix point• Integer/fractional numbers


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Datatypes 2

• Bit• Byte (8 bits)• Word (16 bits)• Double word (32 bits)

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Datatypes 3

• Bit− High or low, one or zero

• Byte (8 bits)− 0 – (28-1) = 0 – 255


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Datatypes 4

− 0 – 255 unsigned− -128 -- + 127 signed− 2-complement

6416 = 011001002 = 10010 signed

6416 = 011001002 = 10010 unsigned

8316 = 100000112 = -12510 signed

8016 = 100000112 = 13110 unsigned

•Signed/unsigned


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Datatypes 5• Word (16 bits)− 0 – (216-1) = 0 – 65535 unsigned− -32768 -- +32767 signed

• Double word (32 bits)− 0 – (232-1) = 0 -- 4294967295 unsigned− -2147483648 -- +2147483647 signed


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Computer Architecturevon Neuman Architecture


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Computer ArchitectureHarward Architecture


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Motorola

PTE

DD

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AD

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TKD

DR

KP

TTD

DR

T

DA

TA0

DA

TA1

DA

TA2

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TA3

DA

TA4

DA

TA5

DA

TA6

DA

TA7

DA

TA8

DA

TA9

DA

TA10

DA

TA11

DA

TA12

DA

TA13

DA

TA14

DA

TA15

DA

TA0

DA

TA1

DA

TA2

DA

TA3

DA

TA4

DA

TA5

DA

TA6

DA

TA7

AD

DR

13A

DD

R14

AD

DR

15

AD

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12A

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R11

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10

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DR

0A

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R1

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2A

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R3

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4A

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R5

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6A

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R7

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9A

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R8

PB

0 [2

4]P

B1

[25]

PB

2 [2

6]P

B3

[27]

PB

4 [2

8]P

B5

[29]

PB

6 [3

0]P

B7

[31]

PA

0 [5

7]P

A1

[58]

PA

2 [5

9]P

A3

[60]

PA

4 [6

1]P

A5

[62]

PA

6 [6

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A7

[64]

DD

RH

PTH

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RP

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3


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Processor units

• Central processing unit (CPU)• Registers• Memory• I/O


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Registers


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Memory types• Read only memory (ROM)− Electrically erazable programmable read only memory,

EEPROM− Flash memory

• Read/write memory• Random access memory (RAM)− Static− Dynamic


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Memory


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Peripherial units• Timer/counter• Serial communication interface (SCI)• Serial peripherial interface (SPI)• Analog-to-digital converter (A/D)• Pulse width modulation (PWM)• Controler area network (CAN)


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Timer/counter• Free running counter• Input capture• Output compare• Time measurements• Pulse accumulator

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Serial communication interface (SCI)• Asynchronious• Baudrate (bits/sec)• Synchronisation• Startbit(s)• Stopbit(s)• Parity bit


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SCI pattern

• Odd/even parity


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Serial peripherial interface (SPI)

• Synchronious• Master/slave• Baudrate (bits/sec)• Synchronisation


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Serial peripherial interface (SPI)Configuration


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Analog-to-digital conversion (A/D)

• Uni/bipolar• Resolution• Conversion error• Signal-to-quantization-noise-ratio (SQNR)• Conversion time


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Unipolar Bipolar

2n/2-1

In

Out

-Umax (1-2-(n-1))·Umax

-2n/2

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Resolution ∆ = Umax/2n


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Analog-to-digital conversion (A/D)Conversion error


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Analog-to-digital conversion (A/D)Signal to Quantisation Noise Error (SQNR)

SQNRunipolar ≈ 6·(number of bits + 1)

SQNRbipolar ≈ 6·number of bits


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Analog-to-digital conversion (A/D)methods

• Integration• Succesive approximation• Flash (direct)


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A/D-conversionIntegrating converter

uinRC

Variable slope Fixed slopeurefRC

Fixed interval Variable interval


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A/D-conversionSuccessive approximation

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A/D-converterFlash converter


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Pulse width modulation (PWM)

• Frequency• Duty cycle

• Driver circuits


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Controller area network (CAN) 1Car without CAN bus


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Controller area network (CAN) 2Car with CAN bus


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Controller area network (CAN) 3• Communication bus• Message based• CSMA/CD− Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect

• Arbitration


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Input/output (I/O)• Digital inport• Digital outport• Analog inport (A/D)• Analog outport (D/A)• Serial ports (SCI, SPI)

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User interface• Switch (button)• DIP-switch• LED• Bargraph• LCD− Character/pixel


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Assembler instruction groups 1• Load and store− LDAA, STX

• Transfer and exchange− TAB, XGDX

• Move− MOVB, MOVW

• Add and subtract− ABA, ADDD


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Assembler instruction groups 2• (BCD-instructions)• Decrement and increment− DECA, INC

• Compare and test− CBA, CMPB, TST

• Boolean logic− ANDA, ORAB


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Assembler instruction groups 3• Clear, complement and negate− CLRA, CLC, COMB, NEG

• Multiply and divide− MUL, EDIVS

• Bit test and bit manipulation− BITA, BSET

• Shift and rotate− ASRA, LSL


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Assembler instruction groups 4• Branch− BRA, BEQ, BGE, LBLO, DBEQ

• Jump and subroutine− BSR, JSR, RTS, JMP

• (Interrupt)• Stack handeling− PSHA, PULD

• Condition code− CLI, TPA


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Addressing modes 1

• Inherent• Immediate• Direct/extended• Relative• Indexed− 5/9/16 bit offset− Pre/post inc/decrement

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Addressing modes 2• Indexed - indirect− 16 bit offset− D accumulator offset

Introduction to Microcontroller Systems - Chalmers · · 2005-08-302005-08-30 Introduction to...

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Transcript of Introduction to Microcontroller Systems - Chalmers · · 2005-08-302005-08-30 Introduction to...