Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology
Introduction to Microbiology UNTAN.ppt
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Introduction to
Microbiology
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History of Microbiology
• 1!" # $irst compound light
microscope %acharias &anssen
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History
• 1'' #rst observation ofbacteria*animalcules+
nton -on eeu/enhoe0
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History
• 1!' # $irst vaccine(smallpo)
Ed/ard &enner
http://www.digitalcentury.com/ebcyclo/update/comp.html
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History
• 12 # 3erm 4heory of5isease ouis6asteur
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History
• 12' ntiseptic Surgery
&oseph ister
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History
• 1227 8och9s 6ostulates of5isease 4ransmission
:obert 8och
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History
• 122 ; -accine against
:abies, ouis 6asteur
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History
• 1!
leander $leming
http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/microbes/media/penicil.jpg
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History
• 1!=2 # $irst ElectronMicroscope
• The electron microscope iscapable of magnifying biologicalspecimens up to one milliontimes. These computer enhancedimages of 1. smallpox, 2. herpes
simplex, and 3. mumps aremagnied, respectively, 150,000,
150,000 and 0,000 times.
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• 1!=2 ; Mi0ros0op Ele0tron 6ertama
Mi0ros0op ele0tron mampu
pembesar spesimen biologi sampaisatu >uta 0ali. 8omputer iniditing0at0an gambar 1. cacar,
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History
1!= Structure of 5?:evealed
@atson A Bric0
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History
1!7 6olio -accine
&onas Sal0
http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bio/salk/images/salk2.jpghttp://www.sandiegohistory.org/bio/salk/images/salk2.jpg
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:ecent History
• 3enetic engineering
• Bloning
•Human 3enome 6ro>ect• Ciotechnology
• @ho 0no/s /hat is netD
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tera0hir Se>arah
• re0ayasa geneti0a
• 8loning
• 6roye0 3enom Manusia• Ciote0nologi
• Siapa tahu apa yang beri0utnyaD
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Sies of Microbes
• -irus ; 1" F1""" nanometers G
•Cacteria ; ".1 F micrometers GG (Human eye ) can see .1 mm (1 1" ;= m)
G ne billionth or 1 1";!
mGG ne millionth or 1 1" ;' m
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lat Mi0robiologi
• Senya/a cahaya Mi0ros0op ; spesimen hidup; 1.""" mag. atau 0urang
• ele0tron Mi0ros0op ; spesimen ?on;hidup
; 1.""" J mag.
In0ubator ; men>aga mi0roba hangat untu0 pertumbuhan
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4echniLues of
Microbiology• Staining # to better see structures• Microbial Bulture• Bontainer for microbe culture
; usually 6etri dish• Bulture media; $ood for the microbes
; E.g. gar # (from red algae)
; thers such as nutrient broths
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4e0ni0 Mi0robiologi
• 6e/arnaan ; untu0 lebih melihatstru0turmi0roba 8ultur
@adah untu0 0ultur mi0roba; Ciasanya 6etri hidanganmedia 0ultur
; Ma0anan untu0 mi0roba; Mis gar ; (dari ganggang merah); ain;lain seperti 0aldu nutrisi
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6ure Bulture 4echniLues
1. Inoculation
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• Microorganisms are organismsthat are too small to be seen/ith the unaided eye.
• *3erm+ refers to a rapidlygro/ing cell.
Microbes in Our Lives
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Mi0roba dalam Hidup 8ita
• Mi0roorganisme adalah organismeyang terlalu 0ecil untu0 dilihatdengan mata telan>ang.
8uman mengacu 0e selber0embang pesat.
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@HN S4O5N
MIB:CI3N• 6ublic Health
pplications
• $ood pplications• Industrial pplications
• Ciofuels pplications
• Ciopharmaceuticalapplications
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• 8esehatan Masyara0at pli0asima0anan pli0asiindustri pli0asi
Ciofuels pli0asibiofarmasi apli0asi
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Microorganisms
• 5ecompose organic /aste
• re producers in the ecosystem by
photosynthesis
• 6roduce industrial chemicals suchas ethanol and acetone
• 6roduce fermented foods
such as vinegar, cheese,and bread
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Microorganisme
• Mengurai0an limbah organi0Merupa0an produsen dalame0osistem dengan
fotosintesisMenghasil0an bahan 0imia industriseperti
sebagai etanol dan asetonMenghasil0an ma0anan fermentasiseperti cu0a, 0e>u, dan roti
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Microorganisms
Figure 1.1
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Microorganisms
• 6roduce products used in
manufacturing (e.g., cellulase)
and treatment (e.g., insulin)• fe/ are pathogenic,
disease;causing
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Microorganisms
• Menghasil0an produ0 yangdiguna0an dalam manufa0tur (misalnya, selulase)
dan pengobatan (misalnya,insulin)Ceberapa bersifat patogen,
penyebab penya0it
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8no/ledge of
Microorganisms
• llo/s humans to
– 6revent food spoilage – 6revent disease occurrence
• ed to aseptic techniLues toprevent contamination in
medicine and in microbiologylaboratories.
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8no/ledge ofMicroorganisms
• Ini memung0in0an manusia untu0Mencegah pembusu0an ma0ananMencegah ter>adinya penya0it
Menyebab0an te0ni0 asepti0 untu0mencegah 0ontaminasi dalam bidang0edo0teran dan mi0robiologi di
laboratorium.
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?aming and BlassifyingMicroorganisms
• innaeus established the system ofscientic nomenclature.
• Each organism has t/o namesP the genus
andspecic epithet.
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6enamaan dan 8lasi0asiMi0roorganisme
• innaeus membentu0 sistem tatanama ilmiah.Setiap organisme memili0i dua
namaP >ulu0an genus dan spesi0.
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Scientic ?ames
• re italicied or underlined. 4hegenus is capitalied and thespecic epithet is lo/er case.
• re *atinied+ and used
/orld/ide.• May be descriptive or honor a
scientist.
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Scientic ?ames
• Ini diceta0 miring atau digarisba/ahi.3enus di0apitalisasi dan >ulu0antertentu adalah huruf 0ecil.
Merupa0an atinied dandiguna0an diseluruh dunia.Mung0in des0riptif atau menghormati
ilmu/an.
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Scientic ?ames
• Staphylococcus aureus
– 5escribes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo;) and the
golden color of the colonies (aur ;).
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Scientic ?ames
• Staphylococcus aureusMen>elas0an pengaturan ber0erumun sel (staphylo;) dan
emas /arna 0oloni (aur;).
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Scientic ?ames
• Escherichia coli
– Honors the discoverer, 4heodor Escherich,and describes the bacterium9s habitat#thelarge intestine or colon.
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• Escherichia coliMenghormati penemunya, 4heodorEscherich, dan menggambar0an
habitat tersebut;ba0teri usus besaratau usus besar.
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Scientic ?ames
• fter the rst use, scientic namesmay be abbreviated /ith the rstletter of the genus and the specicepithetP
– Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichiacoli are found in the human body. S.aureus is on s0in and E. coli in the largeintestine.
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Scientic ?ames
• Setelah penggunaan pertama, namailmiah dapat dising0at dengan hurufpertama dari genus dan >ulu0an
0hususPStaphylococcus aureus danEscherichia coli ditemu0an dalam
tubuh manusia. S. aureus adalahpada 0ulit dan E. coli dalam ususbesar.
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Cacteria
• 6ro0aryotes• 6eptidoglycan cell
/alls
• Cinary ssion• $or energy, useorganic chemicals,inorganic chemicals,
or photosynthesis
Figure 1.1a
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Cacteria
• pro0ariota6eptidogli0an dinding selbiner si
Ontu0 energi, mengguna0an bahan0imia organi0, 0imia anorgani0, ataufotosintesis
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rchaea
• 6ro0aryotic
• ac0 peptidoglycan
• ive in etreme environments
• Include
– Methanogens
– Etreme halophiles
– Etreme thermophiles
Figure 4.5b
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rchaea
• pro0arioti00urangnya peptidogli0anHidup di ling0ungan yang e0strim
memasu00anmethanogene0strim halophiles
e0strim thermophiles
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$ungi• Eu0aryotes
• Bhitin cell /alls
• Ose organic chemicals for
energy.• Molds and mushrooms are
multicellular consisting of
masses of mycelia, /hichare composed of laments
called hyphae.
• Neasts are unicellular. Figure 1.1b
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$ungi
• eu0ariota8itin sel dindingMengguna0an bahan 0imia organi0
untu0 energi.Beta0an dan >amur multiseluler yangterdiri dari massa miselia, yang
terdiri dari lamen yang disebut hifa.:agi adalah uniseluler.
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6rotooa
• Eu0aryotes
• bsorb or ingestorganic chemicals
• May be motile viapseudopods, cilia,or Qagella
Figure 1.1c
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6rotooa
• eu0ariotaMenyerap atau mencerna bahan0imia organi0
Mung0in motil melalui pseudopods,silia, atau Qagela
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lgae
• Eu0aryotes
• Bellulose cell /alls
• Ose photosynthesisfor energy
• 6roduce molecular
oygen and organiccompounds
Figure 1.1d
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-iruses
• cellular• Bonsist of 5? or :?
core
• Bore is surrounded bya protein coat.
• Boat may be enclosed
in a lipid envelope.• -iruses are replicatedonly /hen they are ina living host cell.
Figure 1.1e
i 9 Bl i ti
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innaeus9s Blassication
• Hierarchical system• Cinomial ?omenclature Ancient Greeks
Blassication of
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Blassication ofMicroorganisms
• 4hree domains
– Cacteria
– rchaea
– Eu0arya
• 6rotists
• $ungi
• 6lants• nimals
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Crief History of Microbiology
• ncestors of bacteria /ere the rstlife on Earth.
• 4he rst microbes /ere observed in
1'=.
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Se>arah Sing0at Mi0robiologi
• eluhur ba0teri adalah 0ehidupanpertama di Cumi.Mi0roba yang pertama diamati pada
1'=.
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4he $irst bservations
• In 1'', :obert Hoo0e reported that living
things /ere composed of little boes orcells.
• In 122, :udolf -ircho/ said cells arisefrom preeisting cells.
• Bell theoryP ll living things are composedof cells and come from preeisting cells.
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4he $irst bservations
• 6ada tahun 1'', :obert Hoo0emelapor0an bah/a ma0hlu0 hidupterdiri dari 0ota0 0ecil atau sel.
6ada 122, :udolf -ircho/mengata0an sel berasal dari sel yangsudah ada sebelumnya.
4eori SelulerP Semua ma0hlu0 hidupterdiri dari sel;sel dan berasal darisel yang sudah ada sebelumnya.
eeu/enhoe0
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eeu/enhoe0
• Early bservations
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4he $irst bservations• 1'=;1
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4he $irst bservations
• 1'=;1an, dan
infus lada.
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4he 5ebate ver
Spontaneous 3eneration• 4he hypothesis that living organisms arise
from nonliving matter is called spontaneous
generation. ccording to spontaneousgeneration, a *vital force+ forms life.
• 4he alternative hypothesis, that the livingorganisms arise from preeisting life, iscalled biogenesis.
5ebat ebih 3enerasi
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5ebat ebih 3enerasiSpontan
• Hipotesis bah/a organisme hidupmuncul dari materi ta0 hidup, disebutpemunculan spontan. Menurut
generasi spontan, sebuah 0e0uatanvital membentu0 0ehidupan.
• Hipotesis alternatif, bah/a organisme
hidup muncul dari 0ehidupan yangsudah ada sebelumnya, disebutbiogenesis.
• 1''2P $rancisco :edi lled si >ars /ith decaying meat.
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Evidence 6ro and Bon1''2P $rancisco :edi lled si >ars /ith decaying meat.
Conditions Resuts
!"ree #ars covered $it" %ine
net
&o 'aggots
!"ree o(en #ars Maggots a((eared
Fro' $"ere did t"e 'aggots co'e)
*"at $as t"e (ur(ose o% t"e seaed #ars)
+ pontaneous generation or biogenesis?
1''2P $rancisco :edi lled si >ars /ith decaying
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1''2P $rancisco :edi lled si >ars /ith decayingmeat
Evidence 6ro and Bon
• hasiltida0 ada belatungbelatung muncul
• 0ondisi 4iga guci ditutupi dengan >aring halus 4iga terbu0a guci
@hat /as the purpose of the sealed >ars
5ari mana belatung itu datangDpa tu>uan dari guci tertutupDSpontan generasi atau biogenesisD n5ari mana belatungitu datangDpa tu>uan dari guci tertutupDSpontan generasi atau biogenesisD
• 1'P aaro Spallanani boiled nutrientl ti
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Evidence 6ro and Bonsolutionsin Qas0s.
Conditions Resuts
&utrient brot" (aced in %ask,
"eated, t"en seaed
&o 'icrobia gro$t"
+ pontaneous generation or biogenesis?
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!ondisi
• 3ii 0alduditempat0an dalamtermos, dipanas0an,0emudian disegel
hasil
• 4ida0 adapertumbuhan mi0roba
" pontaneous generation or biogenesis?
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Evidence 6ro and Bon
• 12'1P ouis 6asteur demonstratedthat microorganisms are present inthe air.Conditions Resuts
&utrient brot" (aced in %ask,
"eated, not seaed
Microbia gro$t"
&utrient brot" (aced in %ask,
"eated, t"en seaed
&o 'icrobia gro$t"
+ pontaneous generation or biogenesis?
12'1P ouis 6asteur menun>u00an bah/a
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12'1P ouis 6asteur menun>u00an bah/a
mi0roorganisme yang hadir di udara.
#onditions
• 8aldu nutrisi ditempat0andalam termos, dipanas0an,tida0 tertutup
3ii 0aldu ditempat0andalam termos, dipanas0an,
0emudian disegel
$esults
• mi0roba pertumbuhan 4ida0 adapertumbuhan mi0roba
" pontaneous generation or biogenesis?
• 6asteur9s S;shaped Qas0 0ept microbes
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4he 4heory of Ciogenesisout but let air in.
Figure 1.-
4he 3olden ge of Microbiology
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4he 3olden ge of Microbiology
• 12;1!17
• Ceginning /ith 6asteur9s /or0,discoveries included the
relationship bet/een microbesand disease, immunity, andantimicrobial drugs
Masa 8eemasan
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Masa 8eemasanMi0robiologi
• 12;1!175imulai dengan 0arya 6asteur,penemuan termasu0 hubungan
antara mi0roba dan penya0it,0e0ebalan, dan obat antimi0roba
$ermentation and
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$ermentation and6asteuriation
• 6asteur sho/ed that microbes areresponsible for fermentation.
• $ermentation is the conversion of sugar
to alcohol to ma0e beer and /ine.
• Microbial gro/th is also responsible forspoilage of food.
• Cacteria that use alcohol and produceacetic acid spoil /ine by turning it tovinegar (acetic acid).
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• 6asteur menun>u00an bah/a mi0robabertanggung >a/ab untu0 fermentasi.
• $ermentasi adalah 0onversi gula 0e al0ohol
untu0 membuat bir dan anggur.• 6ertumbuhan mi0roba >uga bertanggung
>a/ab untu0 pembusu0an ma0anan.
• Ca0teri yang mengguna0an al0ohol dan
menghasil0an asam asetat merusa0 anggurdengan cara memutarnya 0e cu0a (asamasetat).
$ermentation and
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$ermentation and6asteuriation
• 6asteur demonstrated
that these spoilagebacteria could be 0illedby heat that /as not hotenough to evaporate thealcohol in /ine.
• 6asteruiation is theapplication of a high
heat for a short time.
Figure 1.4 1 o% -/
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• 6asteur menun>u00an bah/a ba0teripembusu0an bisa dibunuh denganpanas yang tida0 cu0up panas untu0
menguap0an al0ohol dalam anggur.6asteruiation adalah apli0asi panasyang tinggi untu0 /a0tu yang
sing0at.
4he 3erm 4heory of
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4he 3erm 4heory of5isease
• 12=P gostino Cassi sho/ed that asil0/orm disease /as caused by a fungus.
• 12'P 6asteur believed that anothersil0/orm disease /as caused by aprotooan.
• 127"sP Igna Semmel/ise advocated hand
/ashing to prevent transmission ofpuerperal fever from one C patient toanother.
i 0i
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4eori 8uman 6enya0it
• 12=P gostino Cassi menun>u00an bah/apenya0it ulat sutra disebab0an oleh >amur.
• 4ahun 12'P 6asteur percaya bah/a
penya0it lain ulat disebab0an olehprotooa a.
• 127"P Igna Semmel/ise mengan>ur0ancuci tangan untu0 mencegah penularan
demam nifas dari satu pasien C yanglain
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6asteur
• Spontaneous generation vs.biogenesis
• 3erm 4heory
• $ather of aseptic techniLues• 6asteuriation
• $ermentation research
• -accination (rabies)
6 t
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6asteur
• Spontan generasi vs biogenesis 4eori 0umanCapa te0ni0 asepti0
pasteurisasifermentasi penelitian-a0sinasi (rabies)
8och
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8och
• 8och9s 6ostulates• 6ure Bulture Boncept
• 4uberculosis
Magic Cullets
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Magic Cullets
• Bhemotherapy /ith chemicals #synthetic drugs and antibiotics
• Ehrlich and salversan
• Sulfonamides
• $leming and penicillin
• 5rug resistance issues today
6 l > ib
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6eluru a>aib
• 8emoterapi dengan bahan 0imia ;obat sinteti0 dan antibioti0Ehrlich dan salversan
sulfonamida$leming dan penisilin:esistensi obat masalah hari ini
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-accination
• 1!'P Ed/ard &enner inoculated a person /ithco/po virus. 4he person
/as then protected from smallpo.• -accination is derived from
vacca for co/. 4he protection is called immunity.
- i ti
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-accination
• 1!'P Ed/ard &enner diino0ulasiorang dengan virus cacar sapi. orangselan>utnya dilindungi dari cacar.
-a0sinasi berasal dari-acca untu0 sapi. perlindungandisebut imunitas.
4he Cirth of Modern
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4he Cirth of ModernBhemotherapy
• 4reatment /ith chemicals ischemotherapy.
• Bhemotherapeutic agents used to treatinfectious disease can be syntheticdrugs or antibiotics.
• ntibiotics are chemicals produced bybacteria and fungi that inhibit or 0illother microbes.
8elahiran 8emoterapi
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e a a e o e apmodern
• 6engobatan dengan bahan 0imiaadalah 0emoterapi.gen 0emoterapi diguna0an untu0
mengobati penya0it menular dapatmen>adi obat sinteti0 atau antibioti0.ntibioti0 adalah bahan 0imia yang
dihasil0an oleh ba0teri dan >amuryang menghambat atau membunuhmi0roba lainnya.
4he Cirth of Modern
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Bhemotherapy• 1!
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pmodern
• 1!amur
6enicillium membuat antibioti0,penisilin, yang mene/as0an S.aureus.
1!7"P 6enisilin diu>i secara 0linis dandiprodu0si massal
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Modern 5evelopmentsin Microbiology
• Cacteriology is the study of bacteria.
• Mycology is the study of fungi.
• 6arasitology is the study of protooaand parasitic /orms.
• :ecent advances in genomics, the studyof an organism9s genes, have providedne/ tools for classifying
microorganisms.
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gMi0robiologi
• Ca0teriologi adalah ilmu yangmempela>ari ba0teri.Ilmu >amur adalah studi tentang >amur.
6arasitologi adalah studi tentangcacing dan protooa parasit.8ema>uan terbaru di genomi0, studigen suatu organisme, telahmemberi0an alat;alat baru untu0meng0lasi0asi0an mi0roorganisme.
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in Microbiology• Immunology is the study
of immunity. -accinesand interferons are beinginvestigated to preventand cure viral diseases.
• 4he use of immunologyto identify some bacteriaaccording to serotypes
(variants /ithin aspecies) /as proposed by:ebecca anceeld in1!==.
Figure 1.4 - o% -/
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gMi0robiologi
• Imunologi adalah ilmu yang mempela>ari0e0ebalan. -a0sin dan interferon sedangdiselidi0i untu0 mencegah dan
menyembuh0an penya0it virus.6enggunaan imunologi untu0mengidenti0asi beberapa ba0terimenurut serotipe (varian dalam satu
spesies) diusul0an oleh :ebeccaanceeld pada tahun 1!==.
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Modern 5evelopments
in Microbiology• -irology is the study of viruses.• :ecombinant 5? is 5? made from t/o
diRerent sources. In the 1!'"s, 6aul Cerginserted animal 5? into bacterial 5? andthe bacteria produced an animal protein.
• :ecombinant 5? technology, or genetic
engineering, involves microbial geneticsand molecular biology.
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gMi0robiologi
• -irologi adalah studi tentang virus.5? re0ombinan adalah 5? dibuatdari dua sumber berbeda. 6ada tahun
1!'", 6aul Cerg dimasu00an 5?he/an 0e dalam 5? ba0teri danba0teri menghasil0an protein he/ani.
4e0nologi re0ombinan 5?, ataure0ayasa geneti0a, geneti0a mi0robamelibat0an dan biologi mole0uler.
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Modern 5evelopments
in Microbiology• Osing microbes – 3eorge Ceadle and Ed/ard 4atum sho/ed
that genes encode a cell9s enymes
(1!7
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gMi0robiologi
• mengguna0an mi0roba3eorge Ceadle dan Ed/ard 4atummenun>u00an bah/a gen meng0ode
enim sel (1!7u00an bah/a5? adalah materi herediter (1!77).
$rancois &acob dan &acLues Monodmenemu0an peran m:? dalam sintesisprotein (1!'1).
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• Microbial ecology
• Cacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, andphosphorus that can be used by plants andanimals.
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>Manusia
• e0ologi mi0robaCa0teri daur ulang 0arbon, nutrisi,belerang, dan fosfor yang dapat
diguna0an oleh tanaman dan he/an
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Cioremediation
• Cacteria degradeorganic matter in
se/age.• Cacteria degrade or
detoify pollutants such
as oil and mercury.
0& 2.1
bioremediasi
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bioremediasi
• Ca0teri mendegradasi bahan organi0dalam limbah.Ca0teri menurun0an atau
mendeto0si0asi polutan sepertiminya0 dan mer0uri.
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Ciological Insecticides
• Microbes that are pathogenic to insectsare alternatives to chemical pesticides in
preventing insect damage to agriculturalcrops and disease transmission.
• Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal
in many insects but harmless to otheranimals, including humans, and to plants.
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Inse0tisida hayati
• Mi0roba yang bersifat patogenterhadap serangga alternatif untu0pestisida 0imia dalam mencegah
0erusa0an serangga untu0 tanamanpertanian dan penularan penya0it.
• Cacillus thuringiensis infe0si yang fatal
pada serangga banya0 tetapi tida0berbahaya bagi he/an lain, termasu0manusia, dan untu0 tanaman.
o ern o ec no ogy an3enetic Engineering
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3enetic Engineering
• Ciotechnology, the use of microbes toproduce foods and chemicals, is centuriesold.
• 3enetic engineering is a ne/ techniLue for
biotechnology. 4hrough genetic engineering,bacteria and fungi can produce a variety ofproteins including vaccines and enymes.
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:e0ayasa 3eneti0a
• Ciote0nologi, penggunaan mi0robauntu0 menghasil0an ma0anan danbahan 0imia, adalah abad tua.
:e0ayasa geneti0a merupa0an te0ni0baru untu0 biote0nologi. Melaluire0ayasa geneti0a, ba0teri dan >amur
dapat menghasil0an berbagai proteintermasu0 va0sin dan enim
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3enetic Engineering
(continued)• Missing or defective genes in human cells
can be replaced in gene therapy.
• 3enetically modied bacteria are used toprotect crops from insects and fromfreeing.
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:e0ayasa 3eneti0a
• 3en hilang atau cacat pada selmanusia dapat diganti dalam terapigen.
Ca0teri hasil re0ayasa geneti0adiguna0an untu0 melindungitanaman dari serangga dan dari titi0
be0u.
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Microbes and Human
5isease• Cacteria /ere once classied as plants
giving rise to use of the term fora for
microbes.• 4his term has been replaced by
microbiota.
• Microbes normally present in and on
the human body are called normalmicrobiota.
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Manusia
• Ca0teri pernah di0lasi0asi0ansebagai tanaman sehinggamenimbul0an penggunaan istilah
untu0 Qora mi0roba.Istilah ini telah diganti denganmi0robiota.
Mi0roba biasanya hadir di dalam danpada tubuh manusia disebutmi0robiota normal.
?ormal Microbiota
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?ormal Microbiota
• ?ormal microbiota prevent gro/th of pathogens.• ?ormal microbiota produce gro/th factors such
as folic acid and vitamin 8.
• :esistance is the ability of the body to /ard oR
disease.
• :esistance factors include s0in, stomach acid,and antimicrobial chemicals.
•Ciolms are etremely important in microbialecology
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?ormal Microbiota
• Mi0robiota normal mencegahpertumbuhan patogen.Mi0robiota normal fa0tor pertumbuhanprodu0 seperti asam folat dan vitamin 8.:esistensi adalah 0emampuan tubuhuntu0 menang0al penya0it.$a0tor resistensi termasu0 0ulit, asam
lambung, dan bahan 0imia antimi0roba.Ciolm adalah sangat penting dalame0ologi mi0roba
I f ti 5i
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Infectious 5iseases
• @hen a pathogen overcomes the host9sresistance, disease results.
• Emerging infectious diseases (EI5)P ?e/diseases and diseases increasing inincidence.
6enya0it Infe0si
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6enya0it Infe0si
• 8eti0a patogen mengatasiperla/anan tuan rumah, hasilpenya0it.
Muncul penya0it menular (EI5)P6enya0it baru dan penya0itmening0at dalam insiden
Infectious 5isease
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?ormal Microbiota
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• @hat is normalD
Salad Cars
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• @hy are these a problem
todayD
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5iseases
• @est ?ile encephalitis
– @est ?ile virus
– $irst diagnosed in the @est ?ileregion of Oganda in 1!=
– ppeared in ?e/ Nor0 Bity in1!!!
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• vian InQuena H?1
• Severe acute respiratory
syndrome (S:S)• @est ?ile encephalitis
(@?E)
• Covine spongiformencephalitis (CSE)
• Breutfeld;&acob disease(B&5)
• "1PH E. coli
• $lesh eating bacteria
• Ebola
• Marburg
• Bryptosporidiosis
• I5S
• HI- virus
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5iseases
• Covine spongiform encephalopathy – 6rion
– lso causes Breutfeldt;&a0ob disease
(B&5) – ?e/ variant B&5 in humans is related to
cattle fed sheep oRal for protein
Muncul 6enya0it Infe0si
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Muncul 6enya0it Infe0si
• Covine spongiform encephalopathy – 6rion
– lso causes Breutfeldt;&a0ob disease
(B&5) – ?e/ variant B&5 in humans is related to
cattle fed sheep oRal for protein
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5iseases
• Escherichia coli PH
– 4oin;producing strain of E. coli
– $irst seen in 1!2<
– eading cause of diarrhea /orld/ide
Muncul 6enya0it Infe0si
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Muncul 6enya0it Infe0si
• Escherichia coli P H 4o0sin yang memprodu0si strain E.coli
6ertama 0ali terlihat pada tahun1!2<6enyebab utama diare di seluruh
dunia
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5iseases
• Invasive group Streptococcus – :apidly gro/ing bacteria that cause
etensivetissue damage
– Increased incidence since 1!!
Muncul 6enya0it Infe0si
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Muncul 6enya0it Infe0si
• Invasif Streptococcus grup Cer0embang pesat ba0teri yangmenyebab0an 0erusa0an >aringan
yang luas6ening0atan 0e>adian se>a0 tahun1!!
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5iseases
• Ebola hemorrhagic fever – Ebola virus
– Bauses fever, hemorrhaging, and blood
clotting – $irst identied near Ebola :iver, Bongo
– utbrea0s every fe/ years
Muncul 6enya0it Infe0si
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y
• Ebola hemorrhagic demamvirus Ebola6enyebab demam, pendarahan, dan
pembe0uan darah6ertama 0ali diidenti0asi de0atSungai Ebola, 8ongo
@abah setiap beberapa tahun
CI4E:::ISM
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• ?4H:J
• SM6J• 4O:EMI
• 63OE
• 4HE: 3E?4S
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• nthracacartularemia
HMI??N 3E?
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4H?8NO