Introduction to Microbiology

Dr. Sudheer Dr. Sudheer KherKher

Prof & HOD, Dept of Microbiology

Objectives Identify the contributions to microbiology

made by Koch, Pasteur, van Leeuwenhoek, Lister, Ehrlich, Fleming, and Jenner

Describe the system of scientific nomenclature used to name microorganisms

List major groups of microorganisms and their habitats

Introduction to Microbiology

Dept of Microbiology Microbiology

– Clinical Microbiology– Medical Microbilogy

Scope & Branches of Microbiology

Theory, Practicals, Exams

Basic functioning of Micro Lab

Universal Safety Precautions

HistoricalYEAR NAME ACHIEVEMENT1st century BC Varo Concept of “Animalia

minuta”

1546 Fracostorius Contagion- Cause of syphilis

1590 Jensen Hand lens

1683 Antony van Leeuwenhoek

First Microscope

“Animalcules”

1678 Robert Hook Compound microscope

1745 Needham (Priest) Abiogenesis

1836 Schulze & Schwan Air contains microbes

1840 Oliver Homes, Poet physician

Contageousness & Puerperal fever

1846 Ignaz Semmelweis Cause, concept & prophylaxis of child-bed fever

1853 Augustino Bassi Silk worm disease due to a fungus

Louis Pasteur 1822-95 French chemist Wine industry problem Father/Founder of

Modern Microbiology Fermentation – a

microbiological process Beer/Wine not

produced without microbes

Louis Pasteur 1822-95 Methods & Techniques of

cultivation His discovery that most

infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease," is one of the most important in medical history.

Introduced sterilization Tyndalization (Tyndal-1877) Studied Silkworm disease,

anthrax, chicken cholera, hydrophobia.

Louis Pasteur 1822-95 Introduced

live vaccines – Jenner (Cow-pox vaccine)

Antirabic vaccine

Pasteur Institutes

Joseph Lister 1867 Prof of Surgery,

Glasgow Royal Infirmatory

Introduced Antiseptic Surgery

Called Father of Antiseptic Surgery

Robert Koch 1843-1910 German general

practitioner Perfected

bacteriological techniques

Isolated pure cultures of bacteria for the first time

Discovered Anthrax bacilli, Cholera vibrio, M. tuberculosis

Father of Medical Microbiology

Hypersensitivity

Koch’s postulates

The organism must be present in every case of the infectious disease.It should be possible to isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesion.Inoculation of the pure culture into suitable lab animal should produce a similar disease.It should be possible to re-isolate the organism in pure form from the lesions produced in the experimental animal.Specific antibodies to the organism should be demonstrable in patients suffering from the disease.

HistoricalYEAR NAME ACHIEVEMENT

1902 Walter Reed Yellow fever in Cuba – viral nature

1909 Landsteiner Polio transmission

1929 Alexander Fleming First antibiotic -Penicillin

1930

1934

Good pasture

Ruska

Virus cultivation

1941 Flury Use of Penicillin therapeutically

Highlights in the History of

Microbiology1677 Observed "little

animals" (Antony Leeuwenhoek)

1796 First scientific Small

pox vaccination (Edward Jenner)

1850 Advocated washing

hands to stop the spread of disease (Ignaz Semmelweis)

1861 Disproved

spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur)

1862 Supported Germ

Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur)

1867 Practiced antiseptic

surgery (Joseph Lister)

Highlights in the History of

Microbiology1876 First proof of Germ

Theory of Disease with B. anthracis discovery (Robert Koch)

1881 Growth of Bacteria

on solid media (Robert Koch)

1882 Outlined Kochs

postulates (Robert Koch)

1882 Developed acid-fast

Stain (Paul Ehrlich)1884 Developed Gram

Stain (Christian Gram)1885 First Rabies

vaccination (Louis Pasteur)

Highlights in the History of

Microbiology1887 Invented Petri Dish

(R.J. Petri)1892 Discovered viruses

(Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski)

1899 Recognized viral

dependence on cells for reproduction (Martinus Beijerinck)

1900 Proved mosquitoes

carried the yellow fever agent (Walter Reed)

1910 Discovered cure for

syphilis (Paul Ehrlich)1928 Discovered Penicillin

(Alexander Fleming)

Highlights in the History of

Microbiology 1977

Developed a method to sequence DNA (W. Gilbert & F. Sanger)

1983Polymerase Chain Reaction invented (Kary Mullis)

1995First microbial genomic sequence published (H. influenzae) (TIGR)

Nomenclature Scientific name (Systematic Name)

Binomial System of Nomenclature– Genus name + species name

Italicized or underlined Genus name is capitalized and may be

abbreviated Species name is never abbreviated A genus name may be used alone to indicate a

genus group; a species name is never used alone

eg: Bacillus subtilis       B. subtilis

Nomenclature Common or descriptive names

(trivial names)– Names for organisms that may be in

common usage, but are not taxonomic names

eg: tubercle bacillus         (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

meningococcus (Neiserria meningitidis)

Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Nomenclature For viruses - common names are used

e. g. Polio virus, HIV, Influenza virus For parasites – Either binomial or

common names are used e.g.– Round worm, Ascaris lumbricoides, A.

lumbricoides– Dog tape worm, Echinococcus

granulosus, E. granulosus