Introduction to Marine Ecosystems
description
Transcript of Introduction to Marine Ecosystems
![Page 1: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Marine Ecosystems
![Page 2: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ocean Ecosystem
• An ecosystem is a level of organization that includes living things and their environment
• Living things cannot exist without their environment
• Most of our planet is covered by the ocean or marine ecosystem
![Page 3: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Structure and Function of an Ecosystem
What the ecosystem is made up of and how it works are linked and influence each other…
STRUCTURE
Amount of non living materials
How living conditions vary with time and space
Characteristics of living things
FUNCTION
Interactions between living things
Cycling
![Page 4: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
LAND vs OCEAN• Ocean is wetter than land
– Materials can be dissolved in ocean water– Gametes can be dispersed more easily– Harder for smaller things to move through water
• Ocean is more vast than land– Harder to find mates and food
• Ocean is more supportive than land– Body structure will be different than land animals
• Living in aquatic environment will shape biology and adaptations of marine life
![Page 5: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ABIOTIC and BIOTIC FX
Physical or non-living parts of the environment that influence living things are called abiotic factors
examples:
Living factors which influence living things are called biotic factors
examples:
![Page 6: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Abiotic Factors in the Ocean
• Inorganic nutrients like: C,N,H,P,S,Fe,Si
• Motion in the ocean: upwelling, currents, tides
• Dissolved materials like gases and salts
• Climate: temperature, light, pressure
• Variations in time and space
![Page 7: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Inorganic Nutrients
• Most of the ocean is nutrient poor
• Only 10 percent of the surface area of the global ocean supports half the world’s fisheries
• Nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and silica are like fertilizer for ocean plants
![Page 8: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Source of nutrients– Runoff from land, animal feces and
decomposition – all this material sinks out of reach
Surface nutrients get used up (by plants to make plant tissue) they become a limiting factor for the growth of new plants which are only found in surface waters
Nutrients are returned to surface waters by a special type of current called 'upwelling'
![Page 9: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Other Ways Nutrients are Replaced
• Winter storms, after the thermocline has disappeared
• Deep water currents can be deflected by underwater island chains
![Page 10: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Motion-Upwelling• Upwelling is a vertical current,
bringing nutrient rich water from the bottom to the surface.
• Upwelling areas support a lot of life• Occur off the west coasts of
continents or in the middle of the equatorial parts of oceans.
• Upwelling is often seasonal
![Page 12: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
www.coolclassroom.org/cool.../upwellingtutorial.html
![Page 13: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Why Upwelling Happens
• Earth's rotation and strong seasonal winds push surface water away from coasts
• Deep water rises on the edges of continents to replace it.
![Page 14: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
uwgb.edu
![Page 15: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Motion-Tides
• Alternating rise and fall of sea level– Produced by gravitational attraction to moon
and sun as well as the rotation of the Earth
• Tides produce strong currents up to 5 m/s
•
• http://www.oc.nps.edu/nom/day1/partc.html
![Page 16: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Motion-Tides
• Area on the beach exposed between high and low tide is intertidal zone
• Organisms must deal with breaking waves, exposure above water, and daily variations in water temperature and salinity
• Adaptations, such as firm attachment to rocks and shells to hold in moisture, to deal with these conditions.
![Page 17: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
http://geosci.sfsu.edu/courses/geol102/ex9.html
![Page 18: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Marine Life and Tides• Some marine life time their feeding
and reproduction to the high or low tide cycle
• Horseshoe crabs come ashore to mate on the night of a high tide in May
• Eggs hatch 2 wks later on a high tide and are washed into the ocean
![Page 19: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Motion-Currents
![Page 20: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Motion-Currents
• Ocean currents move heat around the globe and affect local climate
• Driven by atmospheric winds and Earth’s rotation
• Found in upper 400m and speeds around 1 m/s• Pollution, marine life and food can be stuck in
currents and moved around the globe
![Page 21: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dissolved Materials
• Seawater is fresh water plus dissolved materials like salts, minerals and gases
• Amount of material dissolved depends on temperature of water
![Page 23: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dissolved Gases
• Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen• Dissolve into the ocean from the
atmosphere through wave action also released at the surface back into atmosphere
• Dissolve better in cold water• Animal life and plant life can change
the chemistry of ocean gases
![Page 24: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dissolved Gases
• Plants photosynthesize, animals respire, bacteria decompose
• Plants use CO2 and produce O2
• Animals use O2 and produce CO2
• Decomposition uses O2 and produces CO2
![Page 25: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Around 500 m water runs out of oxygen
–Bacteria and other animals are using it during decomposition and respiration
–No photosynthesis at this depth
• Animals in this region and lower have large gills, modified hemoglobin or are inactive
![Page 26: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Gas Exchange and Carbon Cycle• Oceans absorb and store large amounts of CO2
– Contain about 50 X the amount found in the atmosphere
• biological pump -some of the absorbed CO2 is used in the food web by phytoplankton, or used to make shells and then consumed and pooped out
• gas is trapped in the deep ocean (sequestered) until brought to surface by currents
![Page 29: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ocean Acidification
• CO2 is changed to carbonic acid as it dissolves in seawater– More CO2 dissolving, more acidic ocean is
becoming– 30% increase in acidity since IR
• Marine life that produce calcium carbonate shells are negatively impacted by increasing acidity (coral, clams, mussels, oysters, some algae)
![Page 31: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• The photos below show what happens to a pteropod’s shell when placed in sea water with pH and carbonate levels projected for the year 2100. The shell slowly dissolves after 45 days. Photo credit: Used with permission, National Geographic Images
![Page 32: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dissolved Salts• Dissolved salts/ minerals come from land and
underwater volcanic activity
• Average salinity is 35 parts per thousand
• Salts change water density and differences in density contribute to the creation of water masses and deep ocean circulation
• Thermohaline circulation, also called the Global Ocean Conveyor, moves water between the deep and surface ocean worldwide
![Page 33: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Figure 1: Relative proportions of dissolved salts in seawater. (Source: PhysicalGeography.net)
![Page 34: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Thermohaline circulation, also called the Global Ocean Conveyor, moves water between the deep and surface ocean worldwide.Click on image for full sizeImage courtesy Argonne National Laboratory
• Image courtesy Argonne National Laboratory
![Page 35: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Marine vertebrates control internal salt and water concentration by osmoregulation
http://marinebio.org/oceans/ocean-chemistry.asp
![Page 36: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Climate: temperature, light, pressure
• Ocean conditions vary with depth and with latitude
http://climate.lanl.gov/
![Page 37: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
http://geosci.sfsu.edu/courses/geol102/ex9.html
![Page 38: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• http://geosci.sfsu.edu/courses/geol102/ex9.html
![Page 39: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Animal Adaptations and Pressure
• Ocean life has adapted to deep ocean and 1000x our pressure with lightweight skeletons, little musculature, and reduced metabolic, growth and reproductive rates.
• Diving mammals have rib cages that collapse and expand in result to changing pressure
![Page 41: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Yelloweye rockfish with barotrauma. Shows esophagus protruding from mouth and bulging eyes (exophthalmia). (Credit: Image courtesy of Oregon State University)
![Page 42: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Water Depth vs Light
• Photosynthetic organisms use light to make sugars.
• Sunlit area (top 100 meters) contains 90% of marine life
• Colors of penetrate thru water differently
– Red light filters out first and blue light goes the furthest
– Red animals are essentially invisible in deep waters
![Page 43: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
blog.hotelclub.com cdnn.info driftline.wordpress.com
![Page 45: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Animal Adaptations and Temperature• Average ocean temp is 3 C• Colder temps reduce the metabolic rate• In very cold waters fish have a special
protein like antifreeze to keep tissues from freezing
• Lighter colored animals stay cooler than darker colored animals and are found in warmer waters
• Some marine life have thick layers of fat to insulate their bodies
![Page 46: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Variations in Time and Space• Characteristics of ocean water change
with depth and season
• Many marine organisms migrate daily or seasonally because of these variations
Openlibrary.org
![Page 47: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Biotic Factors in the Ocean
• Characteristics of living things
• Diversity: How many and what types of things live there
• Interactions between living things: competition, predation, symbiosis
![Page 48: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Characteristics of Life
• Made of cells
• Getting energy
• Growth and development
• Reproducing
• Respond to environment
• Maintaining homeostasis
![Page 49: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Naturalseasponge.com
![Page 50: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Diversity of Living Things
• Systematics- Groups organisms for classification and study
• Describes the evolutionary relationships between orgs
• Earliest life forms evolved in the ocean
![Page 51: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Diversity of Living Things• Two main division are based on cell structure
• Prokaryotes – Kingdom Moneran / bacteria group– Lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• Eukaryotes- All other kingdoms– Have a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/1116/images/bactloco.gifhttp://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~inouye/ino/etc/dinoflagellates.jpg
![Page 52: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Diversity of Living Things
• The broadest category of life starts at the top and includes one or more of the succeeding categories
• Domain of life– Kingdom
• Phylum–Class
»Order
Family
Genus and species
![Page 53: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Diversity of Living Things
• Every organism has a two part name unique to itself-Binomial Nomenclature– Can only interbreed with other organisms of
its kind
• Genus species or Genus species– Prevents confusion if a species is known by
many common names
• Example: Common dolphin is known as Delphinus delphis
![Page 54: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Interaction Between Living Things
• Competition– A habitat can only support a fixed number of
individuals• Limits on space, nutrients, mates etc..
– May result in extinction of a species or niche segregation ( both species become more specialized and can then coexist)
– Winners and losers change based on varoius factors like stability of ecosystem, predation
![Page 55: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Interaction Between Living Things
• Predation- one organism hunts, kills and eats another organism– Over time prey evolve adaptations to avoid
predation which prey must adapt to as well– Arms race between two organisms
• Important in culling weak or sick animals from the population
• Some are keystone species which promote the diversity of species in a habitat
![Page 56: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
eyesonafrica.net
![Page 57: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Interactions between living things
• Symbiosis- living together of unlike organisms– Mutualistic- Both species benefit from the
relationship• Remora and shark: remora gets food scraps,
shark has parasites removed
michaelmcfadyenscuba.info
![Page 58: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
– Commensal- one species benefits and the other has no benefit or harm
• Hermit crab and a snail (shell)
myfishtanks.info
![Page 59: Introduction to Marine Ecosystems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151bc550346895dbfed48/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
– Parasitic- one species benefits but the other is harmed
• Female and male anglerfish
s15.zetaboards.com
http://www.marineparasites.com/gallery.html#44