Introduction to

Management

Definition

▶management is a process of designing and

maintaining an environment in which individuals

works together in group, and accomplish aims.

▶in other words it is the accomplishment of goals

THE CYCLICAL PROCESS

PLANNING

ORGANIZING

STAFFING

DIRECTING

CONTROLLING

Nature of Management

▶Universality: Irrespective of the site nature and local

of the organization.

▶Purposeful: attainment of organization goals.

▶Social process : motivation

▶Coordinating force : orderly management and

overlapping

▶Continuous process: cycle of management continues

for achievement of objectives.

Levels of Management

IMPORTANCE OF MANGEMENT▶Effective utilization of resources

▶Development of resources

▶Incorporate innovations

▶Integrating group interest

▶Stability in society

Years 1910-1940

◦ Management as Science

◦ Focus on Increasing Productivity & Efficiency

◦ Strict Control Over People & Process

◦ Top down Management

Evolution of Management

Years 1950-1960◦ Functional Organization

◦ Emergence of HR

◦ Goal Setting

◦ Performance reviews with Job Description

During 1970’s◦ Strategic Planning

◦ Focus on Resource allocation

◦ Swot analysis

◦ Growth Share Matrix (BCG)

◦ Developing contingency theories

During 1990’s

◦ Benchmarking performance

◦ Business process reengineering

◦ Total quality management

◦ Balance score cards tools for employees

2000’s

◦ Technology for value addition and growth

◦ Innovation

◦ Consulting as tool to implement ideas

◦ Scientific Management

◦ Bureaucratic Management

◦ Administrative Management

▶ Classical Theory of Management

Different Types of

Management

◦ Human Relations

◦ Behavioral Science Approach

▶ Neo Classical Theory

▶Modern Management Theory

◦ Quantitative Approach

◦ System Approach

◦ Contingency Approach

◦ Operational Approach

Management is a social process

Management is an integrating process

Continuous process

Process of Management

Globalization

Ethics and governance

Diversity

Career success & personal fulfillment

Technology

Competition

Challenges in management

Types of managers

▶First line Managers

▶Middle line Managers

▶Top Managers

▶Functional Managers

▶General Managers

Managerial Skills

▶Technical Skills

▶Human Skills

▶Conceptual Skills

Managerial Roles

▶Interpersonal Role

▶Informational Role

▶Decisional Role

Social Responsibilities and ethics of business

▶The organization must interact with the environment in order to

survive.

▶The organization has to find and obtain the needed resources.

▶The business organization are open system, means they make

profit to survive.

▶Balance between the desire profit against the needs of the

society.

▶Social responsibility are related to the economy, consumer, local

community and physical environment.

PLANNING

Meaning In simple terms, Planning is deciding in advance what is to be

done, when is to be done, how is to be done, and by whom it is

to be done.

It bridges the gap from where we are and where we want to go.

It includes selection of objectives, policies, procedures and

programmes from among alternatives.

A plan is a predetermined course of action to achieve a

specified goal.

Planning is the primary function of management.

Definitions According to Koontz and O' Donnell, "Planning is an intellectual

process, conscious determination of course of action, the basing of

decision on purpose, facts and considered estimates.“

According to Alford and Beatt, "Planning is the thinking process,

the organized foresight, the vision based on fact and experience

that is required for intelligent action."

According to Theo Haimann, "Planning is deciding in advance what

is to be done. When a manager plans, he projects a course of

action for further attempting to achieve a consistent co-ordinate

structure of operations aimed at the desired results”.

Nature/Characteristics of Planning Planning is an intellectual Process

Panning Contributes to the objectives of the firm

It is a primary function of management

It’s a continuous process

Planning pervades Managerial activities

Importance of Planning

▶Planning provides directions

▶Reduces the risk of uncertainty

▶Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities

▶Planning promotes innovative ideas

▶Planning facilitates decision making

▶Planning establishes standards for controlling

Steps in planning process Setting

Objectives

Developing

Premises

Identifying Alternative Courses of

action

Evaluating Alternative courses

Selecting an

Alternative

Implement the Plan

Follow- up

Action

Types of Plans▶Objectives

▶Strategy

▶Policy

▶Procedure

▶Method

▶Rule

▶Programme

▶Budget

Limitations of Planning

▶Planning leads to rigidity

▶Planning may not work in a dynamic environment

▶Planning reduces creativity

▶Planning involves huge costs

▶Planning is a time consuming process

▶Planning does not guarantee success

Flexible Planning

▶Making a flexible plan is the most effective way to

achieve success.

▶Flexible planning is different from traditional

planning in many ways.

▶Traditional planning usually starts with the

objective or the goal and slowly works towards the

present, making it so rigid that there is no room to

react when unexpected events happen.

▶Flexible planning, on the other hand, begins from

the present and works forward.

▶A goal will be set but with no strict route to it. It

allows a person to take alternative paths to lead

him to his goal, giving him room for changes and

allowing him to adjust his strategy when

something unexpected occurs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND PLAN

▶It should be based on clearly defined objectives.

▶It must be simple and easily understandable

▶ It should be flexible or adaptable to changing

conditions.

▶ It must be balanced in all respects and should be

reason ably comprehensive.

▶ It should provide standards for the evaluation of

perfor mance and actions.

▶ It should be economical i.e., permit optimum use of

available resources before creating new authorities and new

resources.

▶ It should be practicable or feasible and unambiguous. Apian

should be precise as to its nature and scope.

▶ It should be prepared with the consultation of concerned

persons.

▶ Different plans must be properly integrated and harmonized

with one another so as to ensure unity or consistency in

plans

▶ It should provide for proper analysis and classification of

actions

Management by ObjectivesManagement by objectives (MBO), also known

as management by results (MBR), is a process of

defining objectives within an organization so

that management and employees agree to the objectives

and understand what they need to do in the organization

in order to achieve them. The term "management by

objectives" was first popularized by Peter Druck in his

1954 book The Practice of Management.

Aims of Management By Objectives

▶ greater efficiency through systematic procedures

▶ greater employee motivation and commitment through

participation in the planning process

▶ planning  for results instead of planning just for work

The objectives must meet five criteria: they must be

▶ arranged in order of their importance

▶ expressed quantitatively, wherever possible

▶ Realistic

▶ consistent with the organization's policies

▶  compatible with one another

Problem Solving And Decision MakingProblem solving and decision-making are important skills

for business and life. Problem-solving often involves

decision-making, and decision-making is especially

important for management and leadership. There are

processes and techniques to improve decision-making and

the quality of decisions. Decision-making is more natural

to certain personalities, so these people should focus

more on improving the quality of their decisions.

decision-making process▶ Define and clarify the issue 

▶ Gather all the facts and understand their causes.

▶ Think about or brainstorm possible options and

solutions.

▶ Consider and compare the pros and cons of each option

▶ Select the best option - avoid vagueness or 'foot in

both camps' compromise.

Thank you