Introduction to IPTV and Service Provider Video...
Transcript of Introduction to IPTV and Service Provider Video...
Introduction to IPTV and Service Provider Video Technologies
BRKSPV-1202
www.ciscolivevirtual.com
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 2
Presenter Today – Ali C. Begen
Have a Ph.D. degree from Georgia Tech
With Cisco since 2007
Video and Content Platforms
Research & Advanced Development Group
Works in the area of
Architectures for next-generation video transport and distribution over IP networks
Interested in
Networked entertainment
Internet multimedia
Transport protocols
Content distribution
Member of the IEEE and ACM
Visit http://ali.begen.net for publications
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Housekeeping
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www.ciscolivevirtual.com
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Agenda
IPTV – Architecture, Protocols and SLAs
Video Transport in the Core Networks
Video Distribution in the Access Networks
Improving Viewer Quality of Experience
Targeted Advertising (Time permitting)
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Global Consumer IP Traffic Growth
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
EB
/Mo
nth
Video Calling
Online Gaming
VoIP
Web and Data
Internet-Video-to-TV
Internet Video
File Sharing
Video Replaced P2P as Top Traffic Type in 2010
Source: http://ciscovni.com, EB: 1e18 bytes
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Household Bandwidth Needs
0
0.6
1.2
2011
TB
/Mo
nth
HDTV SDTV HSD VoIP
1xHDTV + 1xSDTV + 2xPVRs + 1xVoIP + 2xPCs w/ HSD
Twenty such homes generate more traffic than traveled the entire Internet backbone in 1994/1995
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Personalised, on demand, Internet
Unlimited content
Multiple devices
Real-time mashups
Rapidly changing content popularity
Video 2.0
Community Sources Traditional Sources
Video 2.0: A Consumer-Driven Experience
Video 1.0
Broadcast
Limited content
Single device
One size fits all content
Scheduled viewing
What consumers want
When, where and how they want it
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Consumers Seek A Rich Media Experience
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What Is IPTV? The Fundamental Component for Connected Homes
Broadband
IP Access
IPTV = IP Network-delivered Television
- Switched digital video (SDV)
- Video recording (DVR/PVR/nDVR)
- Video-on-demand (VoD)
- Interactive TV applications
- Targeted (advanced) advertising
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Growth for IPTV
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
IPT
V S
ub
sc
rib
ers
(M
illio
n)
APAC
EMEA
North America
CALA
Source: Infonetics Research, 2011
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Global Change in Cable and Satellite
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Su
bs
cri
be
rs (
Mil
lio
n)
Analog Cable Digital Cable Satellite
Source: Infonetics Research, 2011
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Trends Driving IPTV Adoption
Subscribers want more choice and control
New generation grew up computer/Internet savvy
Customised for me – One bill, one provider, integrated services
Codec, access, server and CPE technologies are improving
MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) improvements, new xDSL, FTTx, DOCSIS 3.0 access technologies
Moore’s law advancements in processing and memory
Competition is increasing among service providers
No longer limited by access
Traditional markets are going away, e.g., VoIP is almost free
Video is driving next generation service provider network designs
IPTV – Architecture, Protocols and SLAs
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End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture
Metro Aggregation &
Distribution Network IP/MPLS
Core Network
Transcoders
Encoders
Vault
Streamers
IPTV Content
Manager
IPTV Service
Assurance
CA/DRM
National
Content Acquisition
Core
Router
Core
Router
Aggregation
Router
Access
Network
Aggregation
Router
VoD Servers
CA/DRM
Transcoders
Encoders
Regional
Content
Acquisition
Streamers
VoD Servers
Back Office
Billing
Ad Insertion
STB
STB
STB
STB
STB
STB
STB
STB DSLAM
uBR
CMTS
Metro
Ethernet
FTTx
Core
Distribution/Aggregation
Access
Super Headend (SHE) Video Hub Office (VHO)
Regional Headend (RHE)
Video Switching
Office (VSO)
Retransmission
Servers
Home
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Unicast vs. Multicast
Unicast
Source
Multicast
Source
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Broadcast IPTV = IP Multicast
Various Transports Native IP multicast, MPLS, L2, optical
SSM: Source-Specific Multicast (RFC 4604 and 4607) Receivers subscribe (S,G) channels to receive traffic only from source S sent to group G
Primarily introduced (by IETF) for IPTV-like services
IP Multicast Endpoints Sources: Encoder, transcoder, groomer, ad-splicer
Receivers: Transcoder, groomer, ad-splicer, eQAM, IP STB
IETF standardised Receiver-to-Router Protocols: IGMPv3 (IPv4) and MLDv2 (IPv6) with (S,G) signalling
Router-to-Router Protocols: PIM-SSM, IGMPv3 Proxy Routing, Snooping on HAG and L2 devices
Transport Challenges Packet loss, out-of-order delivery, packet duplication
(We cannot use TCP for IP multicast)
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Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)
Basics First specified by IETF in 1996, later updated in 2003 (RFC 3550)
Runs over any transport-layer protocol (Typically over UDP)
Runs over both unicast and multicast
No built-in reliability
Main Services Payload type identification
Sequence numbering
Timestamping
Extensions Basic RTP functionality uses a 12-byte header
RFC 5285 defines an RTP header extension mechanism
Control Plane – RTCP Provides minimal control and identification functionality
Enables a scalable monitoring functionality (Sender, receiver, extended reports)
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550
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RTP Transport of MPEG2 Transport Streams
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
IPTV Application
MPEG2-TS
RTP
UDP
IP
IGMP
Religion
Politics
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Packetisation into MPEG2 Transport Streams Single Program Transport Streams (SPTS)
Vid
eo
Video
PES
Au
dio
Audio
PES
Additional Audio Tracks
Application Data
PAT (PID=0), PMT Video
PES
Audio
PES
Additional Audio Tracks
Application Data
PAT (PID=0), PMT
Depacketiser
Vid
eo
Video
Decoder
MP
EG
2-T
S D
em
ux
Depacketiser
Au
dio
Audio
Decoder
Packetiser Video
Encoder
MP
EG
2-T
S M
ux
Packetiser Audio
Encoder
SPTS
SPTS
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TS Packets and Multi-Program Transport Streams
CAT (PID=1)
Program & Systems Information (PSIP)
PAT (PID=0), PMT (for each program)
MP
EG
2-T
S M
ux
MPTS
Video
PES
Audio
PES Program A
Video
PES
Audio
PES Program Z
. . .
TS Packet Header:
- Sync byte (0x47)
- Transport error indicator
- Payload unit start indicator
- Transport priority
- Packet ID
- Scrambling control
- Adaptation field control
- Continuity counter
- Adaptation field (optional)
188-byte MPEG2-TS Packet
0x47
PID
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IP Encapsulation
UDP Encapsulation
RTP Encapsulation
RTP Transport of MPEG2 Transport Streams http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2250
MPEG2-TS Payload
RTP MPEG2-TS Payload
UDP RTP MPEG2-TS Payload
IP UDP RTP MPEG2-TS Payload
8 bytes
20/40 bytes
Default IP header size is 20 and 40 bytes for IPv4 and IPv6, respectively
N 188-byte MPEG2-TS Packets . . . . . . . . .
V=2 P X CC M PT Sequence Number
Timestamp
Synchronisation Source (SSRC) Identifier
Contributing Source (CSRC) Identifiers
…
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Video Headend Building Blocks A
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
Satellite reception
Off-air reception
Fibre reception
Signal conversion E
NC
OD
ING
MPEG-2
MPEG-4 AVC
Standard def.
High definition
Audio encoding
PR
OC
ES
SIN
G
Transcoding
Transrating
Splicing
Multiplexing
Ad-insertion
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
CAS/DRM
Remote ops
Metadata
Billing
VoD servers
Video apps
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Role of IPTV Middleware
Middleware provides interoperability for system components
Middleware enables
Revenue producing IPTV services
Differentiation for service providers
Consistent and extensible consumer experience
Delivery of rich media to consumers
Compelling GUIs
Middleware ties together all parts of an end-to-end IPTV system
EPG, content navigation
CAS/DRM, VoD servers, asset management, service packaging
EAS, STB support, network management
Billing, triple-play integration, subscriber management
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 25
Telco IPTV System Reference Architecture
OLT/ DSLAM
CA/DRM System
OSS/BSS
IPTV Application
Platform
VoD Backoffice
System
Content Provider
ONT/ Modem
CA/DRM
IPTV
Client
Platform
IP STB
User Interface
Video Headend
Content Delivery System
IPTV Network Server
IPTV Application
Server
IP Content and Delivery over Fibre/xDSL Access
Fibre/
Copper Core Network Internet
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Cable IPTV System Reference Architecture
CMTS
CA/DRM System
OSS/BSS
IPTV Application
Platform
VoD Backoffice
System
Content Provider
Cable Modem
CA/DRM
IPTV
Client
Platform
IP STB
User Interface
Video Headend
Content Delivery System
IPTV Network Server
IPTV Application
Server
IP Content and Delivery over DOCSIS (VDOC)
HFC Core Network Internet
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Efficiency Gains From IPTV in Cable Delivery
• VBR provides a bandwidth savings of 40-60%
• IPTV is the best choice for narrowcast statmux and AVC statmux
Variable Bitrate
• Switching is the way to offer unlimited channels
• IPTV provides built-in switching functionality
Switched Video
• AVC provides a bandwidth savings of 50% over MPEG2
• IPTV solves the problem of slow channel change
Advanced Coding
• Convergence provides further bandwidth savings
• We can share QAMs for VoD and SDV as well as for video and DOCSIS
QAM Sharing
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Types of Video Services
Transport (Contribution and Primary Distribution)
IPTV /CATV (Secondary Distribution)
IP multicast distribution from centralised super headends
Driving enhanced multicast features and functions
VoD (Secondary Distribution)
Distributed architecture for better scalability
Non-real-time content distribution to caches
Enterprise
mVPN based
Driving enhanced multicast features and functions
Over-the-Top (e.g., Hulu, Apple TV, Netflix)
Adaptive streaming methods are quickly becoming ubiquitous
Attend BRKSPV-2201
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Access
IP/MPLS
Core
Contribution
Network
IP/MPLS
Core
Primary
Distribution
IP/MPLS
Core
Secondary
Distribution
Super
Headend
(x2)
National Content
Acquisition
Encoders
Vault
Regional
Headend
(x10s)
Regional Content
Acquisition
Encoders
Streamers
Video
Switching Office
(x100s)
Ad Insertion
Back Office/Billing
VoD Servers
Streamers
IPTV must Deliver Entertainment-Caliber Video Tolerance is One Visible Artifact per Movie
Final
Studio
Studio
Mobile
Studio
Studio
Homes
(Millions)
Reliability is more
difficult to achieve here
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Taxonomy of Video Service Providers
Contribution
Primary Distribution
Secondary Distribution
Owner to Provider Compressed (High quality)
P-to-P P-to-Mp
Studio to Studio Uncompressed/Lossless compression
- SD: 270 Mbps (SMPTE 259M)
- HD: 1.5 – 3 Gbps
(SMPTE 292M, 372M, 424M)
P-to-P P-to-Mp
Provider to Subscriber Compressed
- SD: 2 – 6 Mbps
- HD: 6 – 16 Mbps
P-to-P for VoD
P-to-Mp for IPTV
May be wholesaled
Stricter Requirements
Hig
her
Ba
nd
wid
th
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Digital Video Bandwidths
Uncompressed Digital Video
SDTV (480i CCIR 601 over SD-SDI SMPTE 259M) 165.9 – 270 Mbps
HDTV (1080i or 720p over HD-SDI SMPTE 292M) 1.485 Gbps
HDTV (1080p over Dual Link HD-SDI SMPTE 372M or 3G-SDI SMPTE 424M) 2.970 Gbps
MPEG-2 Compressed Video
SDTV Broadcast (3.75 Mbps for Cable VoD) 3 – 6 Mbps
HDTV Broadcast (19.3 Mbps for ATSC DTV) 12 – 20 Mbps
SDTV Production (Contribution – 4:2:2 I-frame only) 18 – 50 Mbps
SDTV Production (Contribution – 4:2:2) 20 – 30 Mbps
HDTV Production (Contribution – 4:2:2) 34 – 60 Mbps
JPEG-2000 HDTV Production (Contribution – 4:4:4 I-frame only) 150 - 300 Mbps
MPEG-4 AVC / H.264 Compressed Video
SDTV Broadcast (~50% less than MPEG-2) 1.5 – 3 Mbps
HDTV Broadcast (1080i) 6 – 9 Mbps
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 33
Video SLA Requirements
Throughput
Addressed through capacity planning and QoS (i.e., Diffserv)
Delay/Jitter
Controlled with QoS
Absorbed by de-jittering buffer at IP STB
We desire to minimise jitter buffer size to improve responsivity
Jitter originating in the core is rather insignificant
Packet Loss
Controlling loss is the main challenge
Service Availability
Proportion of time for which the specified throughput is available within the bounds of the defined delay and loss
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 34
Video SLA Requirements
Loss Occurrence
Co
st
an
d C
om
ple
xit
y
Must be re-engineered
Viable
Engineering
Over-engineered
Network Approaches
- Fast convergence
- Fast reroute
- Spatial diversity
- Source diversity
Application Approaches
- Forward Error Correction (FEC)
- Temporal diversity
Video Transport in the Core Networks
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 36
Four Primary Causes for Packet Loss
Excess Delay Renders media packets essentially lost beyond an acceptable bound
Can be prevented with appropriate QoS (i.e., Diffserv)
Congestion Considered as a catastrophic case, i.e., fundamental failure of service
Must be prevented with appropriate QoS and admission control
PHY-Layer Errors Apply to core and access – Occurrence in core is far less
Considered insignificant compared to losses due to network failures
Network Reconvergence Events Occur at different scales based on topology, components and traffic
Can be eliminated with high availability (HA) techniques
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 37
Impairment Rate
Trunk failures .0010 /2h
Hardware failures .0003 /2h
Software failures .0012 /2h
Non-stop forwarding (NSF) and
Stateful switch-over (SSO) help here
Software upgrades (Maintenance) .0037 /2h
Modular code (IOS-XR) helps here
Total .0062 /2h
(One every two weeks)
Note that average mean time between errors on a DSL line is in the order of
minutes when no protection is applied
What are the Core Impairment Contributors?
Back of envelope calculations across several SPs show mean time between core failures affecting video is > 100 hours
Source: Data from industry standards, customers and assumptions
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 38
Unequal Importance of Video Packets IPBBPBBPBB – MPEG GoP
I B
B
B
B
P
B
B P
P
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Il Buono, il Brutto, il Cattivo
No Loss – Perfect Quality
0.5% Packet Loss 5% Packet Loss
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MPEG Frame Impact from Packet Loss
0
20
40
60
80
100
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
I-F
ram
e L
os
s P
rob
ab
ilit
y (
%)
Outage Duration (ms)
GoP Size: 500 ms (I:P:B = 7:3:1)
FUD on 50-ms Requirement
- Legacy telco voice requirement
- Artifact of SONET/SDH
FACTS
- IP multicast is UDP based
- The only acceptable loss is 0%
- At 50 ms outage, an I-frame will
be impacted with a chance of 34%
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Fast Convergence or Fast Reroute
Network reconverges (reroutes) on a network (link or node) failure
Fast Convergence (FC) – Fast Reroute (FRR) Lowest bandwidth requirements in working and failure cases
Lowest solution cost and complexity
! Requires fast converging network to minimise visible impact of loss
Is NOT hitless – Loss of connectivity before connectivity is restored
Video
Source
Core
Router
Core
Router
Edge
Distribution Core
Router
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Multicast (SSM) Fast Convergence on CRS-1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
400
800
4000
Reconvergence (ms)
Nu
mb
er
of
IPT
V C
ha
nn
els
Max of Max
Median of Median
Convergence Time Following A Failure
Tested with 2500 IGP prefixes and 250k BGP routes
No more than one I-frame is
lost even in the worst case
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Forward Error Correction (FEC)
FEC adds redundancy to the source data to allow to detect and repair losses
FEC Is hitless from loss due to core network failures if loss can be constrained
Does not require path diversity – Works for all topologies
! Requires fast converging network to minimise FEC overhead
Incurs delay – Longer outages require larger overhead or larger block sizes (More delay)
Video
Source
Core
Router
Core
Router
Edge
Distribution Core
Router
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Temporal Diversity (Redundancy)
Let Q (ms) denote the max outage duration that is intended to be repaired
Packets are transmitted twice, each separated by Q-ms delay
Temporal diversity Is hitless from loss due to core network failures if loss can be constrained Does not require path diversity – Works for all topologies ! Requires fast converging network to minimise Q Introduces 100% overhead and Q-ms delay
Video
Source
Core
Router Core
Router Edge
Distribution
Primary Stream
Delayed Stream
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Spatial (Path) Diversity – Live/Live
Two streams are sent over diverse paths in the core
Spatial diversity Introduces no delay if the paths have equal propagation delays Requires network-level techniques to ensure spatial diversity Incurs 100% overhead
– May not be an issue where redundant capacity is normally provisioned
– E.g., dual-plane core networks
Video
Source
Core
Router Core
Router Edge
Distribution
Primary Stream
Primary Stream
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Increasing Cost
and Complexity
Towards Lossless IPTV Transport Deployment Scenarios
Increasing
Loss
Lossless One GoP Impacted
No
Netw
ork
Re
-en
gin
eeri
ng
Netw
ork
Re
-en
gin
eeri
ng
TE +
Live / Live
MTR +
Live / Live
MPLS TE
FRR + TD
MoFRR +
Live / Live
FC +
FEC or TD
MPLS TE
FRR
MoFRR
FC
Video Distribution in the Access Networks
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 48
VQE – A Unified QoE Solution
IPTV viewers have two criteria to judge their service
Artifact-free audiovisual quality
Loss may be correlated in spatial and/or temporal domain, must be recovered quickly
Loss-repair methods must be multicast friendly
Short and consistent zapping times
Compression and encryption used in digital TV increase the zapping times
Multicasting in IPTV increases the zapping times
Service providers need a scalable unified solution that
Is standards-based and interoperable with their infrastructure
Enables versatility, quick deployment and visibility into the network
Extends the service coverage area, and keeps CapEx and OpEx low
Glitch-Free Audiovisual Quality, Short and Consistent Zapping
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STB
STB
Transport &
Distribution
A Simplified Model
Each TV channel is served in a unique (SSM) multicast session
IP STBs join the respective multicast session for the desired TV channel
Retransmission servers join all multicast sessions
Unicast feedback from IP STBs are collected by the feedback target
NACK messages reporting missing packets, rapid channel change requests
RTCP receiver and extended reports reporting reception quality
Access
Network
STB
STB
STB
Retransmission Server
(w/ Feedback Target)
Aggregation
Router
Channel 1
Channel 2
RTP Source
DSLAM
DSLAM
VQE Server
VQE Client
VQE Client
VQE Client
VQE Client
VQE Client
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Packet Loss Rate Tolerance Limits Each Random or Bursty Loss Counts for One Artifact
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First-Line of Defence in Loss Repair 1-D/2-D Parity Forward Error Correction
Source Block Size: D x L
1-D Column FEC (for Bursty Losses)
Each column produces a single packet
Overhead = 1 / D
L-packet duration should be larger than the (target)
burst duration
1-D Row FEC (for Random Losses)
Each row produces a single packet
Overhead = 1 / L
2-D Column + Row FEC
Overhead = (D+L)/(DxL) C2 C3 C1
XOR
L
FEC Packets
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
D
XO
R
FE
C P
ackets
R1
R2
R3
R4
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 57
0
6
12
18
24
7
13
19
31
2
14
20
26
32
9
15
27
4
10
16
22
34
5
11
17
23
35
R0
R1
R3
R4
R5
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
R1 8
R3 21
C0
30
C1
25
C4
28
R5 33
R4 29
8
21
30 33
C3
3 3 R0 1 1
25 28 29
First-Line of Defence in Loss Repair Example: 2-D Parity FEC
All nine missing data packets are successfully recovered
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STB
STB
Transport &
Distribution Access
Network
STB
STB
STB
Channel 1
FEC for Channel 1
First-Line of Defence in Loss Repair
Each TV channel may be associated with one or more FEC streams FEC streams may have different repair capabilities
IP STBs may join the respective multicast sessions to receive FEC stream(s)
General Remarks FEC scales extremely well with upfront planning, easily repairs spatially correlated losses
Longer outages require larger overhead or larger block sizes (More delay)
FEC requires encoding/decoding operations
1-D/2-D Parity Forward Error Correction
Aggregation
Router RTP Source
DSLAM
DSLAM
Retransmission Server
(w/ Feedback Target)
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 59
Second-Line of Defence in Loss Repair
There is a (logical) feedback target for each TV channel on the retransmission server
If optional FEC cannot repair missing packets, IP STB sends an RTCP NACK to report missing packets
Retransmission server pulls the requested packets out of the cache and retransmits them
General Remarks
Retransmission recovers only the lost packets, so no bandwidth is wasted
Retransmission adds a delay of destination-to-source-to-destination
Protocol suite comprises RFCs 3550, 4585, 4588 and 5760
RTP Retransmissions
STB
STB
Transport &
Distribution Access
Network
STB
STB
STB
Channel 1
Feedback and retransmissions for Channel 1
Aggregation
Router RTP Source
DSLAM
DSLAM
Retransmission Server
(w/ Feedback Target)
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TV Viewers Love Zapping Results are Based on 227K+ Users in NA
Min 1
Mean 726
Std 814
90th Percentile 1672
95th Percentile 2250
99th Percentile 3798
Max 24186
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKSPV-1202 61
Zappings are Correlated in Temporal Domain On a Sunday between 8:00 – 9:00 PM
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Delay Elements in Multicast MPEG2-TS Video
Multicast Switching Delay
IGMP joins and leaves
Route establishment (Generally well-bounded)
Reference Information Latency
PSI (PAT/CAT/PMT) acquisition delay
CAS (ECM) delay
RAP acquisition delay
Buffering Delays
Loss-repair, de-jittering, application buffering
MPEG decoder buffering
Reference information latency and buffering delays are more critical in MPEG-based AV applications
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Typical Zapping Times on DSL IPTV
Unit Time Total Time
IP STB sends IGMP Leave < 100 ms
IP STB sends IGMP Join < 100 ms
DSLAM gets IGMP Leave < 100 ms
DSLAM gets IGMP Join < 100 ms ~ 200 ms
DSLAM switches streams 50 ms ~ 250 ms
Latency on DSL line ~ 10 ms ~ 260 ms
IP STB receives PAT/PMT ~ 150 ms ~ 400 ms
Buffering
De-jittering buffer ~ 150 ms ~ 550 ms
Wait for CA < 50 ms ~ 600 ms
Wait for I-frame 0 – 3 s 0.5 – 3.5 s
MPEG decoding buffer 1 – 2 s 1.5 – 5.5 s
Decoding < 50 ms 1.5 – 5.5 s
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M u l t i c a s t D a t a Time
Time the IP STB needs to wait
to start processing multicast data
RAP RAP
A Typical Multicast Join
IP STB
(1) Join
RAPs might be far away from each other RAP data might be large in size and non-contiguous
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(2) Unicast retransmission
Concurrent Multicast Join and Retransmission
Data the IP STB needs to get
from the retransmission server
(1) Retransmission request Retransmission
Server
M u l t i c a s t D a t a Time
RAP RAP (1) Join
IP STB
If the residual bandwidth remaining from the multicast stream is small, retransmission may not be able to provide any acceleration
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Retransmission Followed by Multicast Join
Data the IP STB needs to get
from the retransmission server
(3) Join
M u l t i c a s t D a t a Time
RAP RAP
(2) Unicast retransmission
(1) Retransmission request Retransmission
Server IP STB
More data are retransmitted due to deferred multicast join However, IP STB ultimately achieves a faster acquisition
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Proposed Solution
IP STB says to the retransmission server:
“I have no synch with the stream. Send me a repair burst that will get me back on the track with
the multicast session”
Retransmission server
Parses data from earlier in the stream and bursts faster than real time
Coordinates the time for multicast join and ending the burst
This solution uses the existing toolkit for repairing packet losses
RFC 3550 (RTP/RTCP)
RFC 4585 (RTP AVPF)
RFC 4588 (RTP Retransmissions)
RFC 5760 (RTCP Extensions for SSM)
Unicast-Based Rapid Acquisition
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Unicast Burst
Acquisition request for Ch. Y D
ow
nstr
eam
Ch
an
nels
So
urc
e
Join Ch. Y
Retr
an
sm
issio
n
Serv
er
IP S
TB
Decoder priming, join time, burst description
Leave Ch. X
Multicast Stream Merge & Discard duplicates
Unicast-Based Rapid Acquisition http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6285
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Experimental Setup
Comparison
One IP STB with non-accelerated channel changes
One IP STB with accelerated channel changes
Video Streams
Encoded with AVC at 2 Mbps and 30 fps
One stream with 15 frames per GoP (Short-GoP)
One stream with 60 frames per GoP (Long-GoP)
Transport
1356-byte RTP packets (7 TS packets plus RTP/UDP/IPv4 headers)
20% additional bandwidth consumption for bursting
500 ms loss-repair buffer in each IP STB
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Short-GoP Results
Min Mean Std 95th 99th Max
Non-accelerated 1323 2785 645 3788 4101 4140
Accelerated 501 1009 260 1345 1457 1965
~65%
Reduction
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Long-GoP Results
Min Mean Std 95th 99th Max
Non-accelerated 1831 3005 575 3920 4201 4300
Accelerated 536 1013 265 1377 1521 1937
~65%
Reduction
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VQE QoS/QoE Monitoring Tools to Isolate and Pinpoint the Problematic Locations
VQE-S collects RTCP reports and outputs them to the management application
Management application
Collects raw data from exporter
Organises database
Conducts data analysis, trends
Create alerts
Management application supports standards-based north-bound interfaces
Reports and analysis can be granular to
Regions, edge routers
DSLAMs, access lines
Home gateways
Set-tops
Set-tops can support RTCP reporting and TR-069 (or TR-135) concurrently
TCP Export Interface
RTCP Reports
North-bound Interfaces
Web Interface
RTCP Reports
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RTCP Sender/Receiver/Extended Reports
RTCP Sender Reports provide info on data sent recently
Wallclock time and the corresponding RTP timestamp
Total number of packets/bytes sent
RTCP Receiver Reports summarise the reception quality
Timestamp of (and delay from) the last received sender report
Highest sequence number seen so far
Number and fraction of the lost RTP packets
Estimate of the interarrival jitter
RTCP Extended Reports (XR) provide
Detailed transport-level stats
Application-specific information about RTP transport
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Four RTCP Flows, Two RTCP Loops
Access
Core/Aggregation
Network
Media Source Media Source
Distribution Source Distribution Source
Feedback Target
Feedback Target
Source Receivers
Forward control information for lip-synchronisation,
to indicate liveness and to identify the source
Feedback Target Receivers
Forward control information to manage feedback rates
Feedback Targets Source
Reception quality reports reporting
quality of the path from source to the
feedback target and summarising
reception quality for receivers Receivers Feedback Target
Reception quality reports
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Fault Isolation through Network Tomography Monitoring Viewer QoE with No Human Assistance
DS
X4
X6 X5 X3 X2
R1 R2 R3 R5 R6 H7 R8
RTP
X1
Aggregated
RTCP
R71 R72
FT2
FT3 FT1
RTP
R41 R42
H4
Unicast
RTCP
Unicast
RTCP
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Main IPTV Standards Organisations
ITU-T IPTV Global Standards Initiative (GSI)
Many study groups (9, 11, 13, 16…) developing IPTV standards
ATIS IPTV Interoperability Forum (IIF)
Architecture, DRM, metadata and interoperability
ETSI TISPAN
IMS, IPTV architecture and QoS/resource management
Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) Project
Developing standards for IPTV based on MPEG and IETF protocols
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Developing base protocols for IPTV transport and control planes
SDO Alignment is a Challenge for Interoperability
Targeted Advertising
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Targeted Advertising Ads Delivered Based on Consumer Profile
Amiya Jain
California
Jason Allen
Arizona
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Broadcast vs. Cable Spot Insertion
Ad
Broadcast Program
(Baseband)
Local Affiliate Service Provider Broadcast Networks
Production
Switcher
MPEG
Encoder
Aggregation
& Turnaround
Video
Server
Auto. System
Schedule
Ad
Broadcast Program
(MPEG) – SCTE 35
Service Provider Cable Networks
SCTE 30
MPEG
Splicer
Ad
Server Schedule
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What Operators Want
• Grow high margin revenue via advertising
Leverage the Advanced Content Delivery Infrastructure
• Higher CPMs through targeting
Derive Incremental Value from Existing Ad Inventory
• Deliver addressability and access to non-linear tiers
• Transaction revenue and/or inventory splits
Generate Value for Content Providers
• Dynamic, addressable, measurable
Achieve Parity with the Internet But with the Dynamism of TV
• TV, broadband and mobile
Cross-Platform Campaigns and Delivery
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The Advertising Marketplace
Inventory means the ad insertion slots available for sale to media
buyers
These slots are defined by
Content producers
Aggregators/distributors
Trading Ad Inventory
Advertiser Agency Media
Buyer
BUY
Content
Owner
Aggregator
Distributor Consumer
SELL
Ad Content Placement Capability
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The Advertising Workflow
Advertisers plan campaigns with media buyers
Media buyers contract with content distributors (broadcast/cable
networks) to execute their campaigns
Campaign Management and Execution
Plan Contract Manage
MANAGEMENT EXECUTION
Ad
Decision
Insertion
Playout Reporting
Campaign Stewardship and Optimisation
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Information Used by Campaign Manager
Placement Opportunities
Temporal and/or spatially constrained advertising instances defined by content
owners and/or distributors
Context
Information describing the content, e.g., title, genre and rating
Audience
The available viewer and device information, including
Demographic
Geographic
Behavioural
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Targeting Approaches
Contextual
Associating ads with the content being viewed
Placement based on title, genre, network, day time, location
Offline demographic correlation
Database
Associating subscribers with service tiers via SMS integration
Deriving demographic/psychographic attributes against third-party databases
Behavioural
Recommendation engines, affinity correlation, filtering
Deep packet inspection
Inference engines based on click-stream analysis
Changing Ads from Interruptions to Information
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End-to-End Advanced Advertising
Placement Op.
Ad Decision Context
Audience Profiling
Ad Insertion
Campaign Manager
Behavioural Analysis
Data Capture & Aggregation
Proof of play
Data warehousing
Media Buyers
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The SCTE 130 Standard
SCTE 130
Promotes easy integration between advertising subsystems
Enables interoperable, multi-vendor advertising solutions
Offers a private interface that integrates with the vendor/provider-specific ecosystem
components
SCTE 130 control plane is IP-based
SCTE 130 can be extended to other content delivery platforms
XML-Based Messaging Communication Interfaces
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The SCTE 130 Standard
Content Store
Back Office
Ad Management
Ad Decision
Placement Op. Information
Content Information
Subscriber Information
Campaign
Management
Inventory
System
Placement
Execution
SCTE 130-5 SCTE 130-4 SCTE 130-6
SCTE 130-3
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Summary
IPTV – Architecture, Protocols and SLAs
Video Transport in the Core Networks
Video Distribution in the Access Networks
Improving Viewer Quality of Experience
Targeted Advertising
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Acronyms
CATV: Cable TV
CPE: Customer premises equipment
DVR: Digital video recorder
FC: Fast convergence
FEC: Forward error correction
FRR: Fast Reroute
GoP: Group of pictures
HSD: High-speed data
IPTV: IP television
nDVR: Network DVR
P2P: Peer-to-peer
PVR: Personal video recorder
QoE: Quality of experience
QoS: Quality of service
RAP: Random access point
RTCP: RTP Control Protocol
RTP: Real-time Transport Protocol
SDV: Switched digital video
SLA: Service-level agreement
SSM: Source-specific multicast
STB: Set-top box
TS: Transport stream
VoD: Video on demand
VoIP: Voice over IP
Q & A
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entering your username and password
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Open a browser on your own computer
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Don’t forget to activate your Cisco Live
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Further Reading and References
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Further Reading and References
Articles
“Not all packets are equal, part I: streaming video coding and SLA requirements,” IEEE Internet
Computing, Jan./Feb. 2009
“Not all packets are equal, part II: the impact of network packet loss on video quality,” IEEE
Internet Computing, Mar./Apr. 2009
“Deploying diffserv in backbone networks for tight SLA control,” IEEE Internet Computing,
Jan./Feb., 2005
Special Issues
IEEE Network (March 2010)
IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting (June 2009)
IEEE Internet Computing (May/June 2009)
IEEE Communications Magazine (Multiple issues in 2008)
IPTV Basics – Architecture, Protocols and SLAs
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Further Reading and References
Articles
“Toward lossless video transport,” IEEE Internet Computing, Nov./Dec. 2011
“Designing a reliable IPTV network,” IEEE Internet Computing, May/June 2009
Standards
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2475
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2205
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3209
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4090
Video Transport in the Core Networks
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Further Reading and References
Articles
“Error control for IPTV over xDSL networks,” IEEE CCNC 2008
“IPTV service assurance,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Sept. 2006
“DSL spectrum management standard,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov. 2002
Standards and Specifications
“Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) transceivers,” ITU-T Rec. G.992.1, 1999
http://www.dvb.org/technology/standards/index.xml#internet
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5760
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5740
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4588
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4585
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550
Video Distribution in the Access Networks
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Further Reading and References
Articles
“Reducing channel-change times with the real-time transport protocol,” IEEE Internet Computing, May/June 2009
“On the scalability of RTCP-based network tomography for IPTV services,” IEEE CCNC 2010
“On the use of RTP for monitoring and fault isolation in IPTV,” IEEE Network, Mar./Apr. 2010
Standards and Specifications
http://www.broadband-forum.org/technical/download/TR-126.pdf
https://www.atis.org/docstore/product.aspx?id=22659
Open Source Implementation for VQE Clients
Documentation
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/video/cds/cda/vqe/3_5/user/guide/ch1_over.html
FTP Access
ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/ftp/vqec/
Improving Viewer Quality of Experience
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Further Reading and References
SCTE Standards
SCTE 30: Digital Program Insertion Splicing API
SCTE 35: Digital Program Insertion Cueing Message for Cable
SCTE 130: Digital Program Insertion – Advertising Systems Interfaces
URL: http://www.scte.org/standards/Standards_Available.aspx
Targeted Advertising
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Further Reading and References
Light Reading: Cisco Put to the Video Test
http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=177692&site=cdn
EANTC Experience Provider Mega Test
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns341/eantc_megatest_results.html
IPTV & Digital Video QoE: Test & Measurement Update
http://www.heavyreading.com/insider/details.asp?sku_id=2382&skuitem_itemid=1181
Industry Tests
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