Introduction to Internet Tools1

7/31/2019 Introduction to Internet Tools1

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Internet Information Services (IIS)

Formerly called Internet Information Server is a webserver application and set of feature extension modulescreated by Microsoft for use with Microsoft Windows.

IIS 7.5 supports HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SMTP and NNTP. Itis an integral part of the Windows Server family ofproducts, as well as certain editions of Windows XP,Windows Vista and Windows 7. IIS is not turned on bydefault when Windows is installed.

The IIS Manager is accessed through the MicrosoftManagement Console or Administrative Tools in the ControlPanel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server


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Purpose of IIS

The Microsoft Internet Information Server is

designed to deliver high speed and secure

information publishing, while also serving as a

platform for developers and independentsoftware vendors to extend the Internets

standard communication capabilities.


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Features of IIS 5.0

Security

Administration

Programmability


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Administration

Restarting IIS

Backing up and restoring IIS

Improved Custom Error Messages Remote Administration

Terminal services

Centralized Administration


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Programmability

Active Server Pages

Application Protection


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Mail Based Service

The term Webmail (or Web-based email) is used

to describe two things. One use of the word is to

describe a Webmail client: an email client

implemented as a web application accessed via aweb browser.

The other use of the word is to describe a Web-

based email service: an email service offeredthrough a web site (a webmail provider) such as

Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail and AOL Mail.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_webmail_providershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_webmail_providershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client


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A typical path for a mail message


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Internet Database Server

Creating Web Database Forms ASP.NET enables Web pages to access database data

Web forms that display data in single record, tabular, and

master-detail displays Web form that displays image data

Functionality to Web forms with pick lists and validation

controls


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Web-Database Connectivity

ASP.NET provides data-bound server controls

that support complex data binding


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Locating Database Servers

Put the web server and the database on thesame perimeter network (possibly even on the

same machine). No database traffic will have

to pass through the firewall in normal

operation.


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Put the web server and the database both onthe internal network. No database traffic will

have to pass through the firewall; on the other

hand, HTTP requests will. You are relying on

the security of the web server.


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Locating Database Servers Put the web server on the perimeter network and the

database server on the internal network, and use thedatabase's native protocol to connect them. You arerelying on your ability to configure the firewall and thedatabase appropriately to secure the protocol; you

must let database traffic through.


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Put the web server on the perimeter networkand the database server on the internalnetwork, and use a custom-written protocol to

connect them. You are relying on your abilityto construct a secure protocol that enablesthe transactions you need.


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Retrieving files on the Web: the URL

and Domain Name System

URL stands for uniform resource locator.

The URL specifies the Internet address of a file

stored on a host computer, or server, connected

to the Internet.

Web browsers use the URL to retrieve the file

from the server. This file is downloaded to the

user's computer, or client, and displayed on themonitor connected to the machine.

Because of this relationship between clients and

servers, the Web is a client-server network.


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IP ADDRESS & DNS Underlying the functionality of a URL is a base numeric

address that points to the computer that hosts the file.

This numeric address is called the ip (internet protocol)

address.

The host portion of a URL is translated into its corresponding

IP address using the domain name system (dns).

The DNS is a worldwide system of servers that stores location

pointers to the computers that host networked files.

Since numeric strings are difficult for humans to use,

alphanumeric addresses are employed by users. Once the

translation is made by the DNS, the browser can contact the

server and ask for the specific file designated in the URL.

For example, the DNS translates www.microsoft.com into the

IP address 207.46.19.254.


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Anatomy of a URL Every file on the Internet, no matter what its protocol, has a unique

URL. Each URL points to a specific file located in a specific directoryon the host machine. This is the format of a URL:

protocol://host/path/filename

For example, this is a URL from the site of the U.S. Senate of a live

video stream sent by a camera pointed at the U.S. Capitol:

http://www.senate.gov/general/capcam.htm

This URL is typical of addresses hosted in domains in the United

States. The structure of this URL is shown below.

Protocol: http

Host computer name: www

Second-level domain name: senate

Top-level domain name: gov

Directory name: general

File name: capcam.htm


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Several generic top-level domains

(gTLDs) common in the United States

com commercial enterprise

edu educational institution

gov U.S. government entity

mil U.S. military entity

net network access provder

org usually nonprofitorganizations


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country codes

ch Switzerland

de Germany

jp Japan

uk United Kingdom

In addition, dozens of domain names have been

assigned to identify and locate files stored on servers

in countries around the world. These are referred to

as country codes, and have been standardized by theInternational Standards Organization as ISO 3166.


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Addition top-level domain names

Additional top-level domain names were approved in 2000 by

the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN): .biz, .museum, .info, .pro (for professionals) .name

(for individuals), .aero (for the aerospace industry), and .coop

(for cooperatives).

Unconventional domain names have been marketed outside of

the system, for example, .tv for sites that offer content similar

to television broadcasts.

In 2011, ICANN decided to open up domain names without

restriction, including in any language or written script. The cost

of establishing and maintaining a new name is quite expensive

- $185,000 for the application fee alone - so the actual effect

of this change will be limited.


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WWW Server

Web server can refer to either the hardware

(the computer) or the software (the computer

application) that helps to deliver Web content

that can be accessed through the Internet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware


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Most common use of web servers

host websites

gaming

data storage or running enterprise applications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website


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Basic World Wide Web servers

Apache server

Spinner

Alibaba Jungle
http://www.apache.org/http://spinner.infovav.se/http://www.csm.co.at/csm/alibaba.htmhttp://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Programs/Jungle/http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Programs/Jungle/http://www.csm.co.at/csm/alibaba.htmhttp://spinner.infovav.se/http://www.apache.org/


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How Do Web Servers Work

The Web server stores all of the files necessary to display

some web page on your computer -- typically all theindividual pages that comprise the entirety of a Web site,any images/graphic files and any scripts that make dynamicelements of the site function.

Once contact has been made, the browser requests thedata from the Web server, and using HTTP, the serverdelivers the data back to your browser.

The browser in turn converts, or formats, the computerlanguages that the files are made up of into what you seedisplayed in your browser.

In the same way the server can send the files to many client

computers at the same time, allowing multiple clients toview the same page simultaneously.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/script.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/dynamic.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/script.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/dynamic.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/HTTP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/HTTP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/client.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/client.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/HTTP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/dynamic.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/script.html


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WWW Browser

A Client and a Server are two parts of a connection.

In a web environment, these are two distinct machines, AClient is any machine that requests information, the Server

is who the client makes the request to.

So a Web Server is basically a PC that is designed to acceptrequests from remote computers and send on theinformation requested.

A Web client is actually your browser. It is the browser onyou PC/Mac that makes the requests to the remote server.A PC/Mac that uses a web (Client) browser is referred to asa Client Machine.


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IRC

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a protocol for real-time Internettext messaging (chat) or synchronous conferencing.

It is mainly designed forgroup communication in discussion

forums, called channels, but also allows one-to-onecommunication via private message as well as chat anddata transfer, including file sharing.

IRC was created in 1988. Client software is available for

every major operating system that supports Internetaccess. As of April 2011, the top 100 IRC networks servedmore than half a million users at a time, with hundreds ofthousands of channels operating on a total of roughly 1,500servers out of roughly 3,200 servers worldwide.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-to-manyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-one_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-to-manyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_conferencing


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IRC software

mIRC is a popular Internet Relay Chat clientused by millions of people, and thousands oforganizations, to communicate, share, play

and work with each other on IRC networksaround the world.


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How the Usenet News Protocols Work

Usenet News is a distributed computer conferencingsystem.

Conferences in Usenet News are called newsgroups,

and messages are called articles.

The basic principle of Usenet News is that a local serverhandles most of the functionality.

Usenet News standardizes two variants of the NNTPprotocols: One for communication between adjacentservers, one for communication between a client and aserver.


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Each server can download as much as it wants

of what is available on any of the adjacent

servers. Loop control is handled both by a

trace list and a list of the Message-IDs ofreceived messages stored by each server, so

that the server can reject the same message

coming back again.


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The procedure for distribution of news can be

compared to pouring water onto a flat

surface; the water flows out in all directions.


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The figure below shows how new articles areforwarded from server to server in Usenet News.

A server tells its adjacent servers which items it offers,the server requests those it has not already got via

another route.


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FTP

Short for File TransferProtocol, the protocol forexchanging files over the Internet.

FTP works in the same way as HTTP for transferring

Web pages from a server to a user's browser and SMTPfor transferring electronic mail across the Internet inthat, like these technologies, FTP uses the Internet'sTCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.

FTP is most commonly used todownload a file from aserver using the Internet or to upload a file to a server(e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/internet.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/internet.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/protocol.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/internet.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/HTTP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/e_mail.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/e_mail.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/e_mail.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SMTP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/e_mail.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP_IP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP_IP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/upload.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/upload.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/download.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/upload.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/upload.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/download.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP_IP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/e_mail.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SMTP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/server.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/HTTP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/internet.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/protocol.html


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FTP software

SmartFTP - SmartFTP is an FTP (File TransferProtocol), FTPS, SFTP, SSH, Terminal client. Itallows you to transfer files between your local

computer and a server on the Internet. Withits many basic and advanced FeaturesSmartFTP also offers secure, reliable andefficient transfers that make it a powerful tool.

FileZilla Free FTP


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Telnet

A terminal emulation program for TCP/IPnetworks such asthe Internet.

The Telnet program runs on your computer and connects

your PC to a server on the network. You can then entercommands through the Telnet program and they will beexecuted as ifyou were entering them directly on theserver console. This enables you to control the server andcommunicate with other servers on the network.

To start a Telnet session, you must log in to a server byentering a valid username and password.

Telnet is a common way to remotely controlWeb servers.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/terminal_emulation.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/terminal_emulation.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP_IP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/server.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/command.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/server.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/command.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/console.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/console.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/username.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/password.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/username.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/password.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/remote_control.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Web_server.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Web_server.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/remote_control.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/password.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/username.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/console.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/command.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/server.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP_IP.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/terminal_emulation.html


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Telnet


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Gopher

A system that pre-dates the World Wide Web fororganizing and displaying files on Internet servers.

A Gopher server presents its contents as ahierarchically structured list of files.

With the ascendance of the Web, many gopherdatabases were converted to Web sites which can bemore easily accessed via Web search engines.

Gopher was developed at the University of Minnesotaand named after the school's mascot.

Two systems, Veronica andJughead, let you searchglobal indices of resources stored in Gopher systems.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/World_Wide_Web.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/Veronica.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/search_engine.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/Veronica.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/J/Jughead.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/J/Jughead.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/Veronica.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/search_engine.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/Veronica.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/World_Wide_Web.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.html


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Gopher

The Gopher protocol is supposed to be asouped-up version of Anonymous FTPsouped up because of the search capabilities it

provided.


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Gopher

Initially Gopher browsers could only display

text-based files before developments such as

HyperGopher, which were able to handle

simple graphic formats though they werenever used on a widespread basis as by this

time the World Wide Web and its Hypertext

Transfer Protocol (HTTP) were gaining inpopularity, and had similar and more

extensive functions.

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