INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL...
Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL...
![Page 1: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
IEP Rennes
Yves Lavarde
![Page 2: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Course introduction
« The best way to make peace is to make business.»
MONTESQUIEU
• Business is a peace-maker in IR : ex. European Union is based first on business.
• Business can be also a war-maker : economic war for oil, for information, etc. (ex. Prism, Echelon Program…)
![Page 3: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
5 lessons for understanding the new IR.
• Lesson 1 : New economical and political structures in IR.
• Lesson 2 : New process of globalization in IR
• Lesson 3 : New powers in IR.
• Lesson 4 : New conflicts.
• Lesson 5 : New importance of regions & crisis : Brittany in IR.
![Page 4: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Changing production systems, changing political systems: what
impact on international relations?
IEP Rennes – CEP Program
2013-2014
![Page 5: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Introduction
• « production systems » : market economy • « political systems » : State-Nation • Context :
– « information revolution » (Internet, mobile technology) : the whole world is connected and changing.
– Consequence : - New production systems : market economy is still the most relevant system ? – new political systems : State-nation is still the best level of
governance ?
• Problem : how the information revolution is changing the
international political systems ?
![Page 6: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Course Plan
I. Changing production systems A. The two industrial revolutions B. The third industrial revolution
II. Changing political systems A. The making of the State-Nations at XIX and XX B. The making of metropolis at XXI?
III. Changing international relations ? A. New economical relations B. New political relations
Conclusion
![Page 7: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
I. Changing production systems A. The two industrial revolutions
• First industrial revolution : Steam engine (WATT, 1776) : Railway steel industry Steam boat textile Mettre carte Europe industrialisation - textile : Manchester/Roubaix - Sidérurgie : Le Creusot - Transport : carte réseau ferré /
toile Turner (bateau+train) + Monet (gare de Saint-Lazare).
![Page 8: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Consequences of the first industrial revolution
• New social group: the working-class
• Urbanization
• Reduction of distance :
– globalization /colonization
![Page 10: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2. Second industrial revolution
- Born in the US
- 2 main innovations :
- Combustion engine
- Electricity
- New society : mass consumption
- Fordism
- welfare state : boom of services
- Consumer society
![Page 11: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
I. Changing production systems A. The two industrial revolutions
birthlplace
Date Innovation Leader sectors Social impact
First industrial revolution
Second industrial revolution
![Page 12: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How to explain those industrial revolutions ?
• Economic cycles
– Expansion
– Contraction (depression or stagnation)
– Ex. « Kondratieff waves »
![Page 13: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cycles
Beginning
Expansion
Crisis
Depression
1. Kondratiev 1789/1790 1780-1814 1810-1817 1814-1849
2. Kondratiev 1844-1851 1870-1873 1870/1875 1873-1896 GreatDepression
3. Kondratiev 1890-1896 1896-1929 Belle époque
1928-1932 1929-1945 Great Depression
4. Kondratiev 1941-1950 1945-1973 Trente Glorieuses
1973-1975 1975-?
![Page 14: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How to explain those economic cycles ?
• The role of innovation (Schumpeter)
– « creative destruction »
– ex. railway and the diligence.
• The role of « Innovative entrepreneur » :
– ex. Edison : inventor (1093 patents) & businessman (14 companies, included GE).
![Page 15: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Course Plan
I. Changing production systems A. The two industrial revolutions B. The third industrial revolution
II. Changing political systems A. The making of the State-Nations at XIX and XX B. The making of metropolis at XXI?
III. Changing international relations ? A. New economical relations B. New political relations
Conclusion
![Page 16: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
B. The third industrial revolution
• Based on innovation :
– Microprocessor
– Moore’s law : the power processor is doubling every 2 years.
• Based on new infrastructures
– Internet network
– Technopoles and Silicon valleys
![Page 17: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What is the impact of information revolution ?
• Social impact : – Information society
– « collaborative economy » (carsharing, couchsurfing) and «peer production » (Wikipedia, Linux), crowdsourcing
• Political impact : – Creative Common : the end of
copyright ?
– Which intellectual property ? Videos sharing on Megaupload, music-sharing on Deezer, Youtube…
• Geographical impact – Transnational networkls (Anonymous,
WikiLeaks)
– New site for innovation Ex. Silicon Valley (conséquence : brain drain).
• Creative common
• Covoiturage
![Page 20: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Conclusion - Part I.
• « knowledge economy »
– New power : information, innovation
– New structures : social networks….
Transition : changing production systems provoke changing political systems
![Page 21: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Course Plan
I. Changing production systems A. The two industrial revolutions B. The third industrial revolution
II. Changing political systems A. The making of the State-Nations at the XIX and XX B. The making of metropolis at XXI?
III. Changing international relations ? A. New economical relations B. New political relations
Conclusion
![Page 22: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
II. Changing political systems. A. The State-Nations building
• « State » : a population + a government + a territory (CARRE MALINVAUD, 1921)
• « State-Nations » : since the end of the 18th century (French revolution).
![Page 23: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How to build State-Nation ?
• « National novel » (Ernest GELLNER) thanks to :
– history : national myths (Vercingétorix, Charlemagne, Jeanne d’Arc… re-written by Michelet)
– Art : Wagner (The ring of Nibelung, Parsefal)
– Religion : orthodoxy for Serbs
– Folklore : hungarian legends for Hungary…
![Page 24: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Two visions of Nation in Europe
• Extensive vision (jus soli) – France
– Ernest Renan : « Nation is a desire to live together ».
• Exclusive vision (jus sanguinis) – Germany
– Fichte, 1808 : « Nation is based on objective facts : a same language, a same culture… ».
![Page 25: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nation building in history
• 19th century – Italian unification – German re-unification
• 20th century : «self determination » -W. Wilson – Fall of European Empires
(Austrian, Ottoman) – Fall of colonial empires
• End of 20th century : – « Balkanization », ex.
Monténégro, Kosovo, Bosnia…
– « Failed states » : ex. Somaly => Somaliland, Pountland.
![Page 26: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The State-Nation : a weakening concept ?
• Limited at supranational level
– Regional organization : EU
– International organization : IMF
• Limited at infranational level
– Provinces with new ambitions : Scotland, Catalonia
– Metropolis…
Transition : Passage of world based on the states, to a world based on metropolis and metropolitain area ?
![Page 27: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Course Plan
I. Changing production systems A. The two industrial revolutions B. The third industrial revolution
II. Changing political systems A. The making of the State-Nations at the XIX and XX B. The metropolis-building at the XXIth?
III. Changing international relations ? A. New economical relations B. New political relations
Conclusion
![Page 28: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
B. The building of metropolis
• Etymology : « mother-city » in relation with colonies.
• In history : the Greek city that establishes colonies outside the Greek world.
• Now : « a city that concentrates economic and politic functions ».
![Page 29: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What is metropolisation ?
• How to build a metropolis ?
– marketing : creation of identity, to make the city attractive
– International connection : highspeed railway, international airport
– Metropolitan facilities: opéra, metro
![Page 30: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A new political actor?
• In History « City-States » are old
– Mesopotomian cities
– Greek cities
– Italian cities : Venice/Genoia
• « Global Cities » (Saskia Sassen)
– « center of globalization »
– 3 Global cities : NY, London, Tokyo…
![Page 31: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Consequence of metropolisation
• Dispersion of low-level activities – Specialization of small towns. Ex.
Vitré
• Over-concentration – Population : Tokyo -35million
– High level activites: R&D, management, strategy consulting
• New « outskirts » : - forgotten region of Globalization
- FN vote in suburbs located far from metropolitan centers).
Transition : what these economic and political changes cause in International relations ?
![Page 32: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Course Plan
I. Changing production systems A. The two industrial revolutions B. The third industrial revolution
II. Changing political systems A. The making of the State-Nations at XIX and XX B. The making of metropolis at XXI?
III. Changing international relations ? A. New economical relations B. New political relations
Conclusion
![Page 33: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
III. Changing international relations A. New economic and politic relations • Disapearance of
economical intermediaries ?
– Market crisis ?
– more and more direct selling (against markets) in agriculture (CSA – or AMAP in French), in Internet (Leboncoin)
– « Local Food Movement » : consumer buy products 200km around
![Page 34: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Direct-selling in CSA
![Page 35: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The end of intermediaries ?
• Media more and more criticized
– Homosexual marriage in France : massive use of social networks (Twitter, Facebook) for organizing against demonstrations…
– Arab spring
– Conspiracy theories : 9/11 Truth Movement
![Page 36: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The end of polical intermediaries ?
• Crisis of representative democracy
– « divorce between power and politics » - Zygmunt BAUMAN.
– Abstention
• Direct democracy is still possible ?
– Local votation in Switzerland
![Page 37: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Course Plan
I. Changing production systems A. The two industrial revolutions B. The third industrial revolution
II. Changing political systems A. The making of the State-Nations at XIX and XX B. The making of metropolis at XXI?
III. Changing international relations ? A. New economic and political relations B. New international relations
Conclusion
![Page 38: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
B. New international relations
• New transparency ?
– PRISM, WikiLeaks : all comes out in one day…
– In France : Jérôme Cahuzac
– Eric Schmidt, 2009 : « If you have something that you don’t want anyone to know, maybe you shouldn’t be doing in the first place »
![Page 39: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
B. New international relations
• Transnational movements
– Terrorist movements : Al Qaeda
– Revolutionary movements : Arab Spring
– NGO Networks
![Page 40: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Arab spring
![Page 41: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Conclusion • History is full of revolutions :
• « The World is flat » (T. Friedman) : transparent and horizontal world… But flat doesn’t mean boring. It’s an exciting and moving period. The « Belle Epoque » ?
Agricultural revolution Around 10,000 B.C.E (Neolithic)
Revolution of writing Around 3,200 B.C.E (History)
Invention of printing Around 1450 (Renaissance)
Industrial revolutions Mid.18th.
Information revolution End of 20th Entry in a New World ??
![Page 42: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSlibrecours.eu.free.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/lesson_1_new_structures.pdf · Course introduction « The best way to make peace is to make business.» MONTESQUIEU](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022043001/5f7bfbac08314910a24d750f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Surf this wave or sink ?