Introduction to Human Biology Biological Properties of Humans Scientific Process.

Introduction to Human BiologyIntroduction to Human Biology

Biological Properties of HumansBiological Properties of Humans

Scientific ProcessScientific Process

Biological InquiryBiological Inquiry

Bio = of living thingsBio = of living things

What Are the Characteristics of Humans What Are the Characteristics of Humans as Living Organisms?as Living Organisms?

How Do Biologists Study Living Things? How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

Propose as many differences as you can Propose as many differences as you can between a living organism and a non-living thing. between a living organism and a non-living thing.

fungal mycelia on a corn tortilla Gloeocapsamedicinal leech

Giardia

meerkats

cotton

Characteristics of Humans as Characteristics of Humans as Living OrganismsLiving Organisms

• Humans are highly organized Humans are highly organized – Composed of many cells = multicellularComposed of many cells = multicellular– cellscellstissuestissuesorgansorgansorgan organ

systemssystems Organic molecules = carbon-containing Organic molecules = carbon-containing

building blocks of lifebuilding blocks of life

Organizational Hierarchy Organizational Hierarchy of the Human Bodyof the Human Body

Organ SystemOrgan System

Central Nervous

System

OrganOrganBrain

TissueTissueNerve

CellCellNeuron

Smallest Unit of LifeSmallest Unit of Life

Human Cells are Highly OrganizedHuman Cells are Highly Organized

Organelle: region of cell with specialized functionOrganelle: region of cell with specialized function

Characteristics of Humans Characteristics of Humans As Living OrganismsAs Living Organisms

• Human beings acquire Human beings acquire and use materials and and use materials and energyenergy

Energy = ability to do Energy = ability to do work work

Metabolism = sum of Metabolism = sum of chemical reactions in chemical reactions in an organisman organism

Characteristics of Humans As Living OrganismsCharacteristics of Humans As Living Organisms

• Human beings reproduce, grow and developHuman beings reproduce, grow and develop

Growth = increase in sizeGrowth = increase in size

Development = change in characteristicsDevelopment = change in characteristics

Characteristics of Humans As Living Characteristics of Humans As Living OrganismsOrganisms

• Human beings use DNA reproduce Human beings use DNA reproduce themselves.themselves.

The molecule of heredity = The molecule of heredity =

DNA = DNA = ddeoxyriboeoxyribonnucleic ucleic aacidcid

Sub-Cellular Organizational Sub-Cellular Organizational Hierarchy of Life with ExamplesHierarchy of Life with Examples

sub-atomic particlessub-atomic particles

atomatom

moleculemolecule

protons, neutrons, electronsprotons, neutrons, electrons

nitrogennitrogen

nucleotidenucleotide

genegene

chromosomechromosomegenomegenome

organelleorganelle nucleusnucleus

macromoleculemacromolecule DNADNA

cellcell neuronneuron

A nucleotide molecule contains aA nucleotide molecule contains aphosphate group, sugar and base.phosphate group, sugar and base.

Nucleotides are linked together to form chains.Nucleotides are linked together to form chains.

DNA contains two nucleotide chains DNA contains two nucleotide chains wound together in a helical shape.wound together in a helical shape.

Each human chromosome is a single, longEach human chromosome is a single, longDNA molecule compacted by proteins.DNA molecule compacted by proteins.

A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that provides instructions for producing a protein.provides instructions for producing a protein.

6

30,000


Living things maintain homeostasis Living things maintain homeostasis = state of internal constancy= state of internal constancy

Characteristics of Humans Characteristics of Humans As Living OrganismsAs Living Organisms

• Human beings respond Human beings respond to stimuli from their to stimuli from their environmentenvironment


• Human beings adapt and evolveHuman beings adapt and evolve

Evolution = change in characteristicsEvolution = change in characteristicsover timeover time

Adaptation = characteristic that Adaptation = characteristic that promotes promotes

survival and survival and reproduction reproduction

How Do We Categorize How Do We Categorize Living Things?Living Things?

• Three DomainsThree Domains– EukaryaEukarya– ArchaeaArchaea– BacteriaBacteria

Domain Eukarya

Domains Archaea and Bacteria

prokaryoticprokaryotic

eukaryoticeukaryotic

Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound

nucleus and extensive internal membranes

Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound nucleus and few

internal membranes

How Do We Categorize How Do We Categorize Living Things?Living Things?

• Eukarya has four kingdomsEukarya has four kingdoms– Protista: mostly single celledProtista: mostly single celled– Fungi: multicellular, digest Fungi: multicellular, digest

nutrients outside the bodynutrients outside the body– Plantae: multicellular, Plantae: multicellular,

photosyntheticphotosynthetic– Animalia: multicellular, Animalia: multicellular,

internal digestioninternal digestion

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Protista

Increasing Levels of Organizational HierarchyIncreasing Levels of Organizational Hierarchy

organ system

organism

population Members of the same species in the same area

communityInteracting populations in the same area

ecosystemCommunity + Non-living factors

Biosphere

All ecosystems on earth: zones of air, land and water that support life


• Human beings are members of the biosphere Human beings are members of the biosphere


Human Beings Human Beings 1.1. are highly organized with levels from are highly organized with levels from

cellscellstissuestissuesorgansorgansorgan systems organ systems 2. acquire and use materials and energy.2. acquire and use materials and energy.3. maintain homeostasis.3. maintain homeostasis.4. respond to stimuli from their environment. 4. respond to stimuli from their environment. 5. reproduce, grow and develop. 5. reproduce, grow and develop. 6. adapt and evolve. 6. adapt and evolve. 7. are members of the biosphere. 7. are members of the biosphere.

Unique Characteristic of HumansUnique Characteristic of Humans

• Human beings have a cultural heritageHuman beings have a cultural heritage

How Do Biologists Study Living Things?How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

ObservationNew observations

are made, and previousdata are studied.

HypothesisInput from various sources

is used to formulate atestable statement.

ExperimentThe hypothesis is

tested by experimentor further observations.

ConclusionThe results are analyzed,

and the hypothesis issupported or rejected.

Scientific TheoryMany experiments andobservations support a

Theory.

PrincipleA theory supported by evidence over a long

period of time,

Scientific Scientific MethodMethod


Scientific Method

Hypothesis

Conclusion

Observations

Experiment/Observations

Specific nutrients in almonds can Specific nutrients in almonds can reduce LDL cholesterol in people reduce LDL cholesterol in people with high blood lipid levels.with high blood lipid levels.

People who eat almonds as snacks People who eat almonds as snacks have improved blood lipid profiles. have improved blood lipid profiles.

How Do Biologists Study Living Things? How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

Experimental DesignExperimental Design•Subjects divided into Subjects divided into

– Experimental (Test) GroupExperimental (Test) Group– Control Group: treated like test group Control Group: treated like test group

except for a difference in one variable except for a difference in one variable being testedbeing tested

•Avoiding Bias in Human StudiesAvoiding Bias in Human Studies– Blind Study: subject does not know if they Blind Study: subject does not know if they

are assigned to test or control groupare assigned to test or control group– Double-blind Study: neither subject nor Double-blind Study: neither subject nor

investigator know who is assigned to test investigator know who is assigned to test and control groups and control groups


Scientific Method

Hypothesis

Conclusion

Observations




Subjects used three equal calorie Subjects used three equal calorie supplements in separate one month supplements in separate one month periods:periods:

Muffins (low saturated fat)Muffins (low saturated fat)Half Almonds + Half MuffinsHalf Almonds + Half Muffins

Almonds Almonds

Experimental ResultsExperimental Results

Do the results show that almonds change Do the results show that almonds change the LDL cholesterol levels in these subjects?the LDL cholesterol levels in these subjects?

What characteristics of almonds would accountWhat characteristics of almonds would accountfor the difference from the control supplement?for the difference from the control supplement?


Scientific Method

Hypothesis

Conclusion

Observations




Subjects used three equal calorie Subjects used three equal calorie supplements in separate one month supplements in separate one month periods:periods:

Muffins (low saturated fat)Muffins (low saturated fat)Half Almonds + Half MuffinsHalf Almonds + Half Muffins

Almonds Almonds

Monounsaturated fats (and possibly protein and fiber) Monounsaturated fats (and possibly protein and fiber) of almonds caused a decrease in LDL cholesterol.of almonds caused a decrease in LDL cholesterol.

Introduction to Human Biology Biological Properties of Humans Scientific Process.

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