Introduction to Genetics using Punnett...
Transcript of Introduction to Genetics using Punnett...
![Page 1: Introduction to Genetics using Punnett Squaresaaitken.weebly.com/uploads/5/5/7/4/55745595/punnett_square_note… · made by Gregor Mendel. •After noticing that the flowers his pea](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050315/5f77a74488bcaa22f056392f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Agenda
Karyotype video ~2 minutes
karyotype activity ~10 minutes
Quiz on Mitosis and Meiosis ~17minutes
Punnett Square notes
Punnett Square Practice Problems
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Genetics Using Punnett Squares
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Targets
Determine the probability of a particular trait in an offspring based on the genotype and phenotype with 85% accuracy
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Early Genetics
• The study of genetics
began with observations made by Gregor Mendel.
• After noticing that the flowers his pea plants were either violet or white, Mendel began to study the segregation of heritable traits.
Between 1856 and 1863 he cultivated and tested at least 28,000 pea plants.
Remember that Mendel worked almost 150 years ago when nobody knew about genes or even the structures (chromosomes) that carry genes.
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Here are some traits
observed by Mendel:
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Lets consider a single gene…• A gene carries
information that determines your traits.
Traits are characteristics you inherit from your parents.
• Genes are located in chromosomes.
• Chromosomes come in pairs and there are thousands, of genes in one chromosome.
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Continued…
• In humans, a cell’s nucleus contains 46 individual
chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• Half of the chromosomes
come from one parent and half come from the other parent.
Here is the detailed structure of a chromosome
Karyotype-male or female?
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Definitions• Allele- alternate version of the same gene
• Genotype- the genes of an organism for one specific trait
• Phenotype- the physical appearance of a trait in an organism
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Definitions• Dominant trait refers to a genetic feature
that “hides” the recessive trait in the phenotype of an individual.
• The term "recessive” describes a trait that is covered over (or dominated) by another form of that trait and seems to disappear.
• Homozygous= two alleles that are the same for a trait (Pure)
• Heterozygous= two different alleles for a trait (Hybrid)
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Practice• We use two letters to represent the genotype.
A capital letter represents the dominant form of a gene (allele) and a lowercase letter is the abbreviation for the recessive form of the gene (allele).
• Example below: P=dominant purple and p= recessive white
The phenotype for this flower is violet while its genotype (if homozygous) is PP.
The phenotype for this flower is white while its genotype is pp (to be white the flower must have two of the recessive copies of the allele).
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Female Male
Important to know before getting started:
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Punnett’s Square
Scientists use a Punnett’s square to determine the possible genetic outcomes for the
offspring that result from the combination of the parent’s genes.
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Black colored fur is the dominant (B) trait.
We will use the Punnett’s Square to determine the offspring of guinea pigs. The
offspring will either be black or white.
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Generation 1
B B
b
b
To complete the Punnett’s square we combine the gene from mom with the gene from dad. We always write
the dominant gene first.
Bb
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Generation 1
B B
b
b
In this case we have a dad with black fur and a mother with white fur. Because black is the dominant gene,
we write it with a capital ‘B’.
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Generation 1
B B
b
b
White fur is a recessive trait. It is written with a lowercase ‘b’. It does not matter what letter we choose
to represent a gene, but capital letter is always dominant and lowercase is always recessive.
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Generation 1
B B
b
b
We write the dominant gene first because it “masks” the recessive gene. Therefore, the color of the guinea
pig with the genes Bb would be black.
Bb
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Generation 1
B B
b
b
Copy this Punnett’s square into your notebook. Try and fill out the remaining offspring on your own. When you
are done, go to the next slide.
Bb
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Generation 1
B B
b
b
Bb Bb
Bb Bb
We say an individual is heterozygous when it has two different genes.
What percentage of these offspring are heterozygous?
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Generation 1
B B
b
b
Bb Bb
Bb Bb
100% are heterozygous black.
We will now take one female and one male from this generation to cross for our second generation.
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Generation 2
B b
B
b
What will the gene combinations be for these offspring?
Copy this into your notebook and try to fill out the Punnett’s square. Continue when you are done.
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Generation 2
B b
B
b
What you have completed is the genotype for all the offspring. Genotype refers to the gene combination
that an individual has.
Can you figure out what color these offspring will be?
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
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Generation 2
B b
B
b
What you have just determined is called the phenotype. The phenotype is what we see as a result
of an individual's genes.
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
black black
black white
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Generation 2
B b
B
b
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
We say an individual is homozygous when it has two of the same genes.
Can you find a homozygous black guinea pig?
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Generation 2
B b
B
b
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
The entire Punnett’s square represents all possible outcomes. That means each small box represents 25%
of the offspring.
What percentage of the offspring are homozygous black?
This individual is homozygous black.
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Generation 2
B b
B
b
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
25% of the offspring are homozygous black. Try the next two on your own:
____% are homozygous white
____% are heterozygous black
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Generation 2
B b
B
b
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
25% are homozygous black.
25% are homozygous white
50% are heterozygous black
Notice: This will always add up to 100%.
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Punnett Squares
The Punnett square is the standard way of working out what the possible offspring of two parents will be.
– It is a helpful tool to show allelic combinations and predict offspring ratios.
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Before we go further lets review how to set
up a Punnett Square…
We begin by constructing a grid of two perpendicular lines.
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Next, put the genotype of one parent across
the top and the other along the left side.
For this example lets consider a genotype of BB crossed with bb.
B B
b
b
• Notice only one letter goes above each box
• It does not matter which parent’s genotype goes on either side.
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Next, fill in the boxes by copying the column and row head-letters down and across into
the empty spaces.
B B
b B
B
B
Bb
b
b
b
b
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Punnett Squares
Now that we have learned the basics of genetics lets walk through some examples using Punnett Squares.
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Lets say:
W- dominant white
w- recessive violet
W w
W
Parents in this cross are heterozygous (Ww).
Note: Make sure I can tell your capital letters from lowercase letters.
What percentage of the offspring will have violet flowers?
ANSWER: 25% (homozygous recessive)
Usually write the capital letter first
w
W W W w
W w w w
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Red hair (R) is dominant over blond hair (r). Make a cross between a heterozygous red head and a blond.
Rr rr
Rr rr
R r
r
r
What percentage of the offspring will have red hair? 50%
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Let’s try some more…
In pea plants, tall pea plants (T) are dominant
over short pea plants (t). Construct a Punnett
Square for a heterozygous tall pea plant and a short pea plant.
Tt tt
Tt tt
T t
t
t
What are the percentage of phenotypes?
50% tall
50% short
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Black eyes (R) is dominant over red eyes (r)
in rats. Make a cross between a homozygous rat with black eyes and a rat with red eyes.
Rr Rr
Rr Rr
R R
r
r
What is the possibility of a red eye off springs?
0%
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Practice Problem #1
Predict the fur color of the offspring of a brown heterozygous hamsters and a white homozygous hamster.
Use any letter you like.
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Practice Problem #1
Bb bb
Bb bb
B b
bb
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Practice Problem #2
Predict the offspring of 2 white homozygous cows. Black is dominant over white.
Use any letter you like.
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Practice Problem #2
bb bb
bb bb
b b
bb
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Practice Problem #3
Predict the offspring of 2 Grey Heterozygous rats. Gray is dominant over white, which is recessive.
Use any letter you like.
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Practice Problem #3
GG Gg
Gg gg
G g
Gg
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Practice Problem #4
Predict the pea shape of the offspring of one Heterozygous Round Pea plant and one homozygous wrinkled pea plant. Round is dominant over wrinkled.
Use any letter you like.
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Practice Problem #4
Rr rr
Rr rr
R r
rr
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Practice Problem #5you don’t have to write this one down…
What are the chances of having a boy or a girl?
How would you solve this one?
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Practice Problem #5
XX XY
XX XY
X Y
XX
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ReviewHeredity by Brainpop
1What do we call different forms a gene may have for a trait?
2What height of pea plant (tall or short) did Mendel find to be dominant?
3Which kind of trait can’t be passed from parent to child?a)Eye color b) height c) broken arm
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Bellwork
Long hair (S) is dominate over short-haired (s). Cross a heterozygous cat carries with long-haired traits and mates with a carries short-haired cat. Use a Punnett square to determine the probability of one of their offspring having long hair.
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References
http://www.athro.com/evo/gen/punnett.html
http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html
http://brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/ch%2011%20genetics/punnettpractice.ppt#1
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sciber/punnett.htm
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/images/contentpages/karyotype.jpg