Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following:...

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Introduction to Genetics

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Transcript of Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following:...

Page 1: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Introduction to Genetics

Page 2: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Learning Targets

I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles, incompletely dominant alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, and carrier.

Page 3: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Genetics Terms

Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring

Traits are inherited characteristics such as eye color, height, hair color

Fertilization is the uniting of male and female gametes

Pollination is plant fertilization

Page 4: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

More Terms

Gametes-specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction; sperm or egg; pollen or ovum

Gene-sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Probability-likelihood that a particular event will occur

Page 5: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

More terms

Alleles are the various genes for the same trait

Dominant traits are those that are always expressed when present (brown eyes)

Recessive traits are only expressed if the dominant trait is absent (blue eyes)

Page 6: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

More terms

Homozygous means possessing a pair of identical alleles for a trait; can be dominant or recessive. Shown by AA or aa

Heterozygous means possessing a pair of unlike alleles; dominant trait is expressed; recessive trait is carried; Aa

Page 7: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

More Terms

Phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait

Genotype is the actual genetic makeup; XX for females; XY for males

Page 8: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Even more terms

True breeders -organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

Hybrids – offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Page 9: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Learning Targets

I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles, incompletely dominant alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, and carrier.

Page 10: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Gregor Mendel

http://science.discovery.com/tv-shows/greatest-discoveries/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-shorts-genetics.htm

Page 11: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Gregor Mendel

Father of genetics Born 1822 on farm in Austria (now Czech

Republic) Entered monastery in 1843

Page 12: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Mendel

Sent to University of Vienna; studied botany and other subjects

Became chief gardener at the monastery

Monks helped feed not only themselves but their community

Page 13: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Mendel

Mendel sought to increase production and yield of their crops

Mendel started breeding peas in 1857 to study inheritance

His study took 10 years to complete His methods are still used today

because he kept meticulous records

Page 14: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Why Peas?

• Many varieties have two clearly different traits Flower color Seed color Seed shape

• Plants are easy to control Male and female parts on same flower

(dioecious) Pollen is male ; ovule is female

Page 15: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Learning Targets

I can describe the basic mechanisms of plant processes, especially movement of materials and plant reproduction.

I can explain the functions of unique plant structures.

Page 16: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,
Page 17: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Flowers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpzvKdmAoI0

Page 18: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Parts of a Flower Sepals-outermost circle of floral parts; usually green and look like leaves

Petals-often brightly colored; found just inside the sepals

Leaf-photosynthetic organ that contains on or more Bundles of vascular tissue

Page 19: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Parts of a Flower Terms Stamen-male part of the flower; made of filament and anther

Filament-a long thin structure that supports the anther

Anther-flower structure in which haploid male gametes are produced

Page 20: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Parts of a Flower Terms

Pistils (Carpels)-innermost part of a flower that produces the female gametes Stigma- sticky portion at the top of the style where pollen grains land Style-narrow stalk of the carpel in a flower Ovary-a flower structure that contains one or more ovules from which the female gametes are made Ovule-female gamete

Page 21: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Vascular Tissue in Plants Xylem-vascular tissue that carries water

from the roots to the rest of the plant

Phloem-vascular tissue that transports nutrients and carbohydrates made by photosynthesis

Vascular Bundles-a plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue

Page 22: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Plant Life Cycle

Page 23: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Plant Fertilization

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdlxUJhoyx4

Page 24: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Plant Fertilization

Page 25: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Learning Targets

I can describe the basic mechanisms of plant processes, especially movement of materials and plant reproduction.

I can explain the functions of unique plant structures.

Page 26: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Learning Targets

I can identify and explain Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment

I can construct and interpret Punnett squares (calculating and predicting phenotypic and genotypic ratios of offspring)

Page 27: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Mendel’s Procedure

1. Remove immature stamen from plant2. Took brush and removed pollen from

one plant3. Then brushed pollen onto ova of

another plant4. Allowed plant to seed and then

planted the seeds

Page 28: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Mendel’s Peas

Studied over 30,000 plants in 10 years

Usually followed his plants for 3 generations

Studied flower color, seed color, seed shape, height

Always started with true breeders

Covered plants to keep pollinators away

Page 29: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Mendel’s Peas

Began by crossing tall & short plants Expected an intermediate height plant Instead all plants were tall Let these plants self pollinate and got

3:1 ratio Three tall plants to every short plant He decided that each trait had at least

two factors for each trait; called these alleles

Page 30: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Probability and Punnett Squares

The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.

Flipping a coin 50/50 chance of getting a head every

time

Page 31: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Punnett Squares

A diagram used to predict genetic probabilities

Can compare genetic variations that will result from a specific cross

Page 32: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Monohybrid Crosses

A monohybrid cross occurs between two parents that breed true for different versions of a single trait

Allows tracking of one trait only

Page 33: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Monohybrid Cross

Tt Tt

Tt Tt

P Generation

T T

t

t

All were tall

Page 34: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Monohybrid Cross

TTTt

Tt tt

F1 Cross

T tT

t

Phenotype: 3:1

Genotype: 1:2:1

Page 35: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Rule of Dominance

To be dominant, an organism must possess either two dominant alleles or at least one dominant allele

To be recessive, the organism must receive two recessive alleles; one from each parent

Page 36: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Principle of Segregation

Pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation in meiosis.

The fusion of gametes pairs the alleles again at fertilization

Page 37: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Principle of Independent Assortment

Each pair of alleles separates independently of each other during gamete formation

Page 38: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Incomplete Dominance

Rr Rr

Rr Rr

Snap Dragons

Red crossed with White

Expected 3:1 ratio Red to White

R R

r

r

Got all PINK!

Page 39: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Codominance

The expression of two different alleles in a heterozygote

Many genes have different alleles; but usually only two or less are expressed in the individual

Blood is expressed in different alleles: A, B, AB or O

A and B are dominant; O recessive AB is codominant

Page 40: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Dihybrid Crosses

A cross where two traits are examined

Predicts two different traits Parents will have four possible

gametes displaying the various combinations of the two traits

Mendel used seed shape and seed color for one of his dihybrid crosses

Page 41: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Dihybrid Cross

RRYY x rryy

R = round Y = Yellow r = wrinkled y=green

Page 42: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Dihybrid Parent Cross

RY RY RY RY

ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy

ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy

ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy

ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy

Page 43: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Dihybrid Cross

Crossing pure breeding homozygous dominant with pure breeding homozygous recessive

RRYY X rryy All offspring are heterozygous for the

trait RrYy

Page 44: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Dihybrid F1 Cross

RY rY Ry ry

RY RRYY RrYY RRYy RrYy

rY RrYY rrYY RrYy rrYy

Ry RRYy RrYy Rryy Rryy

ry RrYy rrYy Rryy rryy

Page 45: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

F1 Generation Dihybrid Cross

Allowing F1 to cross pollinate results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio

9 will be round, yellow 3 will be round, green 3 will be wrinkled, yellow 1 will be wrinkled, green

Page 46: Introduction to Genetics. Learning Targets I can define and provide an example of the following: genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, codominant alleles,

Learning Targets

I can identify and explain Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment

I can construct and interpret Punnett squares (calculating and predicting phenotypic and genotypic ratios of offspring)


Allele Mining for the Reported Genes Governing the Yield ... › agriculture-journal › ... · trait will carry the desired allele for grain yield and likewise the alleles for all

Allele Mining for the Reported Genes Governing the Yield ... › agriculture-journal › ... · trait will carry the desired allele for grain yield and likewise the alleles for all

Beyond Pure Dominance…. Some alleles are not simply dominant or recessive.. A. Incomplete dominance: Alleles are expressed as a blend. Each allele has.

Beyond Pure Dominance…. Some alleles are not simply dominant or recessive.. A. Incomplete dominance: Alleles are expressed as a blend. Each allele has.

How does natural selection change allele frequencies? Alleles ...

How does natural selection change allele frequencies? Alleles ...

Law of Segregation alleles separate monohybrid cross Law of Independent assortment allele pairs inherited independently dihybrid cross.

Law of Segregation alleles separate monohybrid cross Law of Independent assortment allele pairs inherited independently dihybrid cross.

Molecular basis of allele variations Interactions of …plantbreeding.boku.ac.at/957321/2016/01-T_B Steiner_2016...Molecular basis of allele variations Interactions between the alleles

Molecular basis of allele variations Interactions of …plantbreeding.boku.ac.at/957321/2016/01-T_B Steiner_2016...Molecular basis of allele variations Interactions between the alleles

Allele-Specific Interactions Between ttg and gl1 …...Arabidopsis Trichome Development 1593 TABLE 1 Origins of mutant alleles used in this study Ecotype of Crosses to Col-0 Allele

Allele-Specific Interactions Between ttg and gl1 …...Arabidopsis Trichome Development 1593 TABLE 1 Origins of mutant alleles used in this study Ecotype of Crosses to Col-0 Allele

Ch 4: Mendel and Modern evolutionary theory · 2019-04-07 · Mendelian genetics recap. Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles. Homozygous: allele pairs (TT or

Ch 4: Mendel and Modern evolutionary theory · 2019-04-07 · Mendelian genetics recap. Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles. Homozygous: allele pairs (TT or

BIOLOGY STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 1 · 8813-6004 – 6 – N13/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX 12. What is the difference between dominant, recessive and codominant alleles? Dominant allele Recessive

BIOLOGY STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 1 · 8813-6004 – 6 – N13/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX 12. What is the difference between dominant, recessive and codominant alleles? Dominant allele Recessive

4.3 Theoretical genetics. 4.3 Theoretical genetics: Objectives 1- Define genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, codominant alleles, locus,

4.3 Theoretical genetics. 4.3 Theoretical genetics: Objectives 1- Define genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, codominant alleles, locus,

Incompletely Dominant Allele When two different alleles are both dominant over another allele, but not dominant over each other. An example is a cross.

Incompletely Dominant Allele When two different alleles are both dominant over another allele, but not dominant over each other. An example is a cross.

Conference and Communications Support - ImmPort … · Web view108 0108 HLA-A Allele 1 A*11xx/A*2301 100019 Allele cell skipped, since cell contains multiple serological alleles 109

Conference and Communications Support - ImmPort … · Web view108 0108 HLA-A Allele 1 A*11xx/A*2301 100019 Allele cell skipped, since cell contains multiple serological alleles 109

Keystone Review Genetics DNA. Homozygous—both alleles the same Heterozygous—each allele different.

Keystone Review Genetics DNA. Homozygous—both alleles the same Heterozygous—each allele different.

Allele Frequencies: Changing Chapter 15. Changing Allele Frequencies 1.Mutation – introduces new alleles into population 2.Natural Selection – specific.

Allele Frequencies: Changing Chapter 15. Changing Allele Frequencies 1.Mutation – introduces new alleles into population 2.Natural Selection – specific.

OCR Nationals - Oxford, Cambridge and RSA · Web view6 Explain the terms allele, locus, phenotype, genotype, dominant, codominant and recessive. Give an overview of meiosis in preparation

OCR Nationals - Oxford, Cambridge and RSA · Web view6 Explain the terms allele, locus, phenotype, genotype, dominant, codominant and recessive. Give an overview of meiosis in preparation

In humans each gene has two alleles . Each parent contributes one allele for a trait.

In humans each gene has two alleles . Each parent contributes one allele for a trait.

Allele Profile - Teach.Genetics201 niversity of tah Allele Profile Hemoglobin disorders 2 NAME DATE Inheritance Everyone inherits two alleles of HBB and beta-globin protein is normally

Allele Profile - Teach.Genetics201 niversity of tah Allele Profile Hemoglobin disorders 2 NAME DATE Inheritance Everyone inherits two alleles of HBB and beta-globin protein is normally

A-1932A: Automated Binning Process For The Generation Of … · 2019-12-13 · the allele list grid. Conversely, alleles may be removed from the allele list using the opposite commands.

A-1932A: Automated Binning Process For The Generation Of … · 2019-12-13 · the allele list grid. Conversely, alleles may be removed from the allele list using the opposite commands.

A Codominant Example - LPS Blood Typing A Codominant Example Multiple Alleles and Codominance ¥Inheritance by multiple alleles occurs ... ¥A personÕs blood type is an example of

A Codominant Example - LPS Blood Typing A Codominant Example Multiple Alleles and Codominance ¥Inheritance by multiple alleles occurs ... ¥A personÕs blood type is an example of

Codominant alleles cause the phenotypes of both homozygotes …mrjenks1.weebly.com/.../13230605/chapter_12.2_powerpoint.pdf · 2018. 9. 7. · Codominance: Expression of both alleles!

Codominant alleles cause the phenotypes of both homozygotes …mrjenks1.weebly.com/.../13230605/chapter_12.2_powerpoint.pdf · 2018. 9. 7. · Codominance: Expression of both alleles!

How does natural selection change allele frequencies?rogers/ant5221/lecture/selection.pdf · How does natural selection change allele frequencies? Alleles conferring resistance to

How does natural selection change allele frequencies?rogers/ant5221/lecture/selection.pdf · How does natural selection change allele frequencies? Alleles conferring resistance to