11–1The Work of Gregor Mendel A.Gregor Mendel’s Peas B.Genes and Dominance C.Segregation
Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet...
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Transcript of Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet...
![Page 1: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Genetics
Heredity and Mendel’s Peas
Mrs. Stewart
Honors Biology
Central Magnet School
![Page 2: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Standards:
CLE 3210.4.1 Investigate how genetic information is encoded in nucleic acids.
CLE 3210.4.2 Describe the relationships among genes, chromosomes, proteins, and hereditary traits.
CLE 3210.4.3 Predict the outcome of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
![Page 3: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Objectives:
Differentiate between characteristics and traits
Analyze Mendal’s principle of dominance
Predict genotype based on phenotype Analyze characteristics and traits in
this classroom
![Page 4: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Decide with your partner
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What is heredity?
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Why do family’s look alike?
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Heredity & Genetics
Heredity - The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
Genetics – the study of heredity
Genes – Segments of DNA that code for a characteristic
![Page 8: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Characteristics vs. Traits
Characteristic – a heritable feature Example: flower color, plant height
Trait – a genetically determined variant of a characteristic Example: purple flower color vs white Now referred to as “Alleles”
![Page 9: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dogs Tell your cats two examples of
characteristics that can be inherited from human parents to offspring.
![Page 10: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cats Give your dogs an example of
traits/alleles (variations) for the characteristics he/she listed.
![Page 11: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
“Father of Genetics”
Austrian Monk
Studied characteristics & traits in pea plants Have only 7 chromosomes Can cross pollinate or self pollinate
![Page 12: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Gregor Mendel’s Peas• “Self pollination”-
Pollen from the plant fertilizes its own eggs• Similar to asexual
reproduction. • “True-breeding” -
produce identical new plants.• “Purebreds”
![Page 13: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mendel’s Peas• “Cross-pollination”• Remove male parts
from true breeding plant, pollinate it with pollen from a plant with different traits.
• Produce “hybrids”• Genetically
different
![Page 14: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mendel’s Observations
Characteristics
Seed shape
Seed color
Seed coat color
Pod shape
Pod color
Flower position
Plant height
Traits/Alleles
wrinkled or smooth
yellow or green
white or grey
smooth or constricted
green or yellow
axial or terminal
tall or short
![Page 15: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Alleles
We use letters to represent the different variations
Capital Letters = Dominant allele Lowercase letters = recessive allele Example: T = tall plant, t = short plant Most genes have two or more variations
(alleles)
![Page 16: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Important Vocabulary Terms HETEROzygous:
(DIFFERENT) have different alleles Example: Tt
HOMOzygous : (SAME) have the same
alleles. Example: TT or tt
HYBRID = offspring of heterozygous parents
PUREBRED (true-breeding) = offspring of homozygous parents – will produce offspring identical to parent traits
![Page 17: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Generations• The parent
generation
• The first generation
• The second generation
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Dominance
• Tall height “masks” the effects of short height.• Tall is “dominant”; Short is “recessive”.
(P) – Purebred Tall x Purebred Short
F1 – All tall (hybrids)
F2 – 3:1 ratio tall:short
![Page 19: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Principle of Dominance
some variations (traits/alleles) are dominant over others
Dominant traits will mask or hide the presence of a recessive trait
Recessive traits are hidden/masked by a dominant allele
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Principle of Dominance – UFC style
Only one can win
•Matt Hughes = Recessive
•BJ Penn = Dominant
![Page 21: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Genotype VS. Phenotype
GENOTYPE: actual combination of alleles (genes) inherited from parents. (One from MOM, and one from DAD.) Example: Tt, TT or tt
PHENOTYPE: physical appearance/expression of the trait. Example: Tall plant or short plant
![Page 22: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cats and Dogs (think – pair – share)
Phenotype Widows Peak or straight
hair line
Genotype Ww, WW or ww
![Page 23: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cats And Dogs
The dominant trait is “gray” fur, and the recessive trait is “white” fur. Lets use the following alleles: Gray is G. White is g.
If a bunny is heterozygous gray: What is the genotype? ______________
If a bunny is homozygous white: What is the genotype? ______________
If a plant is homozygous gray: What is the genotype? ______________
Gg
gg
GG
![Page 24: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Principles of Dominance
Predictable patterns of dominant and recessive only apply to single gene traits
Example: gene for hairline has 2 alleles – widow’s peak (W) or straight hairline (w) Possible Genotypes: WW, Ww or ww
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Dominance VS. Commonality
Does dominant mean most commonly occurring?
No Examples:
Polydactyl – having 6 fingers Achondroplasia – Dwarfism O blood type (recessive)
![Page 26: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Group Activity
Inventory of Traits
![Page 27: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dogs and Cats
Predict you and your partners possible genotypes for the phenotypes listed in traits activity.
![Page 28: Introduction to Genetics Heredity and Mendel’s Peas Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology Central Magnet School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649cf65503460f949c5815/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Objectives:
Differentiate between characteristics and traits
Analyze Mendal’s principle of dominance
Predict genotype based on phenotype Analyze characteristics and traits in
this classroom