Introduction to Environmental Science Interrelatedness, Issues, and Ethics.
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Transcript of Introduction to Environmental Science Interrelatedness, Issues, and Ethics.
![Page 1: Introduction to Environmental Science Interrelatedness, Issues, and Ethics.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e715503460f94b6f226/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Environmental Science
Interrelatedness, Issues, and Ethics
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“Tug on anything at all and you’ll find it connected to
everything else in the universe.” John Muir
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Environmental Science
• Scientific principles• Economic influence• Political action• Compromise needed
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Environment
• Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime• Factors from many areas
working together • Green book page 2 fig 1.1
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Interrelated Units
• Ecosystems –Region in which the organisms
and the physical environment form an interacting unit
• Boundaries are difficult to define• Regional concerns
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Global Concerns
• International activities to address concerns–Earth Summit 1992–Kyoto Conference on Climate
Change 1997–Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
2005
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6 Major Themes
• Human population growth• Sustainability• Global perspective• Urbanizing • People and nature• Science and values
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A lot of what we do connects us to something or somebody else.
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Ethics
• Seeks to define what is right and what is wrong•What actions are wrong and •Why they are wrong
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Cultural Relativism• Not all cultures share the same ethical
commitments• Laws should reflect values• Environmental Justice –Ensures that no groups bears a
disproportionate burden–Can’t protect nature without thinking
of people
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Environmental Ethics
• Corporations/Individuals• Nations/Internationals bodies• Justification for different
positions
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Ecological Footprints
• “The area of Earth’s productive land and water required to supply the resources that an individual demands, as well as to absorb the wastes that the individual produces.”
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http://www.myfootprint.org/Homework:
Calculate your Ecological Footprint Print the results and turn in with a
one page response paper
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Environmental Attitudes
• Development–anthropocentric
• Preservation–ecocentric
• Conservation–tries to balance anthr and eco
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3 Philosophical Approaches
• Anthropocentrism–Human centered
• Biocentrism–Life centered
• Ecocentrism–Earth itself has rights
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Three general principles of a Christian environmental ethic
2 Timothy 3:16All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful
for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness
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Principle of Creation Value
• God created and therefore values all of His works of creation
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Principle of Sustained Order and Purpose
• God created and sustains all elements and systems in His creation within particular orders to meet certain ongoing purposes
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Principle of Universal Corruption and Redemption
• Everything in the created world and universe is subject to corruption by sin and ultimate redemption through Jesus Christ
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Sustainability
• The ability of the earth’s various natural systems and human cultural systems and economies to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely
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4 Scientific Principles of Sustainability
• Reliance on solar energy• Biodiversity• Nutrient cycling• Population control
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Causes of Environmental Problems
• Population growth • Unsustainable resource use• Poverty • Excluding environmental costs from
market prices• Trying to manage nature without
knowing enough about it
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Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems
Chapter 2
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Science
• An endeavor to discover how nature works and to use that knowledge to make predictions about what is likely to happen in nature
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Science
• Based on the assumption that events in the natural world follow orderly cause and effect patterns that can be understood through careful observation
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Scientific Method
• Observation – Question• Hypothesis• Test the Hypothesis (experiment or
model) • Result (data, peer review) • New hypothesis• New experiment - conclusion
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Scientific Theory
• A well tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypotheses• Not to be taken lightly
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Scientific Law/Law of Nature
• A well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening over an over again in the same way in nature• Law of Gravity
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Inductive/Deductive Reasoning
• Involves specific observations and measurements to arrive at a conclusion• Using logic to arrive at a
conclusion based on a generalization
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Paradigm shift
• New discoveries and ideas overthrow a well-accepted scientific theory or law• Accepted by the majority
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Tentative science (frontier)
• Preliminary results that capture news headlines but have not been widely tested and accepted by peer review
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Reliable/Unreliable science
• Consists of data, hypotheses, theories, and laws that are widely accepted• Haven’t undergone rigorous
peer review, discarded by peer review
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Statistics/Probability
•Mathematical tools used to collect, organize, and interpret numerical data• The chance that something will
happen (large enough sample size & various locations)
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5 limitations of Science
• Can’t prove anything absolutely• Human involvement includes Bias• Statistical tools give estimates• Models are not the real thing• Can not be applied to moral or
ethical questions
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Matter
• Anything that has mass and takes up space • Made of Elements–Fundamental substance that has a
unique set of properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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Compound
• Combination of two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions • Examples?
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Atom
• The smallest unit of matter into which an element can be divided and still retain its chemical properties• Atomic theory–All elements are made up of atoms
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Structure of the Atom
• Protons (+)• Neutrons (neutral) • Electrons (-)• Nucleus (protons & neutrons)• Electron probability cloud
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• Atomic number (protons)•Mass number (n + p)• Isotopes (same atomic, diff
mass)
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Ion
• Has a charge • Nitrate Ion• pH (7=neutral) • Acidity – determines ability to
dissolve in water (<7)• Basic (>7)
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Molecule
• Combination of 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds• Chemical formula – shows
number and type of atoms
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Organic compounds • Contain at least 2 carbon atoms plus one or more other
elements
–Hydrocarbons–Chlorinated hydrocarbons–Simple carbohydrates–Complex carbohydrates–Proteins–Nucleic acids–Lipids
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Matter comes to life
• Cells – building blocks of life • Genes – genetic information • Traits – characteristics passed
from parent to offspring • Chromosomes - DNA
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Physical States
• Solid, Liquid and Gas • Differ in spacing and orderliness
of the atoms• Matter quality – measure of
usefulness as a resource• High quality matter : concentrated
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Matter Changes
• Physical – arrangement of atoms not changed• Chemical change – atom
arrangement changes • Nuclear change – in nucleus–Radioactive decay, fission/fusion
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Law of Conservation of Matter
•When a physical or chemical change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed• Conversion from one form to
another
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Energy
• Capacity to do work • Kinetic energy – moving
matter with mass & velocity–Heat (cond, radi, convec)
• Potential energy - stored
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Energy Quality
•Measure of an energy source’s capacity to do useful work • High quality (concentrated)• Low quality (dispersed)
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Law of conservation of Energy
• 1st law of Thermodynamics•When energy is converted
from one form to another, no energy is created or destroyed• Energy input = energy output
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2nd law of Thermodynamics
•When energy changes from one form to another, we always end up with lower-quality, less usable energy •More useful to less useful
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Energy Efficiency
• Energy productivity•Measure of how much useful
work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system
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Systems
• Set of components that function and interact in some regular way • Inputs from environment• Flows of matter or energy• Outputs to environment
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Feedback loops
• Process that increases (positive) or decreases (negative) a change to a system • Information feeds back to
cause a change
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Time Delays
• Between input of feedback stimulus and response can allow problems to build slowly• Tipping point – causes a
fundamental shift in the behavior of the system
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Synergistic interaction
• Synergy• Occurs when two or more
processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects
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Scientific Principles of Sustainability
• Reliance on Solar Energy• Biodiversity• Nutrient cycling• Population Control
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Human Activities have Results
Sometimes Helpful and
Sometimes Harmful