Introduction to Engineering Materials

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Sardar Vallbhbhai Patel Institute of Technology Vasad

Active Learning Assesment

Faculty Name: Mr. R.R.Saxena

Students Name : (1) Parth Soni (140410116047) (2) Dhruvil Patel (140410116050) (3) DivYesh Patel (140410116052) (4) Hetul Patel (140410116055)

Introduction to Engineering materials

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Introduction

The knowledge of engineering materials and their properties is of great significance for all the engineers of different disciplines.

A proper understanding of structure and properties of material is essential for a proper design of products and for selecting a best method for its processing.

In this presentation , we shall go through the commonly used engineering materials and their various properties.


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Classification of Engineering materials

There are Six Major classes of engineering materials: (1) Metals • Iron and Steel • Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications) • Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials) (2) Ceramics • Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing) • Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating) • Whitewares (e.g. porcelains) • Glass • Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators,

transducers, etc.) • Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and

concrete)


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(3) Polymers

• Plastics

• Liquid crystals

• Adhesives

(4) Electronic Materials

• Silicon and Germanium

• III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs)

• Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)

(5) Composites

(6) Biomaterials

Classification of Engineering materials

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS


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Properties of materials

An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into classification according to properties.

One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with suitable properties for a given application, so it’s a sensible approach.

Just as for classes of materials, there is some overlap among the properties, so the divisions are not always clearly defined


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Mechanical properties A. Elasticity and stiffness (recoverable stress vs.

strain)

B. Plasticity (non-recoverable stress vs. strain)

C. Strength

D. Brittleness or Toughness

E. Fatigue Electrical properties A. Electrical conductivity and resistivity



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Dielectric properties A. Polarizability

B. Capacitance

C. Ferroelectric properties

D. Piezoelectric properties

E. Pyroelectric properties Magnetic properties A. Paramagnetic properties

B. Diamagnetic properties

C. Ferromagnetic properties



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Optical properties A. Refractive index

B. Absorption, reflection, and transmission

C. Birefringence (double refraction) Corrosion properties Deteriorative properties Biological properties A. Toxicity

B. bio-compatibility


FERROUS MATERIALS


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What is the mean of Ferrous Materials

The term ferrous is derived from the latin ferrum meaning containing iron – hence ferrous metals are those containing iron such as nickel, steel and iron itself. Ferrous metals are often magnetic but this is not a defining characteristic.

The Row material for all farrous metal is pig iron.Pig iron is obtained by smelting the iron in a blast furnance with the help of coke and lime-stone.

The principal Ferrous materials commonly used in engineering practice are- Wrought iron, steels, cast iron etc.


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Some ferrous materials…..

Wrought Iron:-It is a highly refined iron with a small amount of slag forged out into fibers.

The chemical analysis of the metal shows as much as 99% of iron. A representative analysis range of wrought iron is

C=0.02-0.03 % Si=0.02-0.10 %S=0.008-0.02 % Mn=0.00-0.02 %P=0.05-0.25 % Slag=0.05-1.50 %

Wrought Iron


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Properties of Wrought Iron

The Slag fibers in wrought iron improve strength, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance of iron. It is tough,Melleable and ductile.

Advantages of Wrought Iron

• Bolts and Nuts, Chains ,Crain hooks,Railway couplings,Pipe and fittings, sheetsand bolier tubes are the main forms in which wrought iron is used


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Steels(cont..)

• It is an alloy of carbon and iron with carbon content usually ranges from 0.08 to 1.5 percent. These steel is called plain carbon steels or simply carbon steels.

• Steels generally contain small amounts of sulphur, Phosphurus, Silicon and manganese in addition to carbon.


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Steels

The carbon steels can be classified on the basis of their carbon content as

(i) Low carbon steel (Mild steel)(ii) Medium carbon steel(iii) High carbon steel

The Hardness and strength of steel increases with the increase of carbon content, and the strength is almost max at about 0.8% carbon. Thereafter, strength starts decreasing and hardness continues to increase .


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Cast Iron Cat iron is primarily an alloy of iron and

carbon. The carbon contents in cast iron varies from 2% to 4.3%. In addition to carbon, cast iron contains small amounts of silicon, Manganese , Phosphorus and sulphur.

Cast iron is the most important and widely used metal. It is very brittle, less ductile material. The various types of cast iron in use are as follows:

1. Grey cast iron2. White cast iron3. Malleable cast iron


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Effect of various alloy materials on cast iron

1. Sulphur:- It makes the cast iron hard and brittle. It should be kept well below 0.1% for most foundry purposes because too much sulphur gives unsound casting.

2. Manganese:- It maybe present in cast iron upto 0.75%. It makes the cast iron white and hard. It hepls to exert a controlling influence over the harmfull effect of sulphur.

3. Carbon:- If carbon is present in combined form , it makes the iron hard and strong. If it is present in free state, then it makes the iron weak and brittle. It varies from 2 to 4.3%

NON-FERROUS

MATERIALS


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Nonferrous Materials

The non-ferrous materials are those which contain a metal other than iron as their chief constituent. They are usually used in industry due to the following characteristics.

I. Ease of manufacturingII. Resistance to corrosionIII. Electrical and thermal conductivityIV. Weight


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Examples of Nonferrous materials 1. Aluminum2. Copper3. Lead4. Tin5. Nickel6. Zink7. Titanium

Non Metallic

Materials


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Some of the important non metallic materials are following brief :-

Timber Abrasive material Silica Glass Graphite Diamond Plastic polymer


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Timber

Timber is the wood which made suitable for engineering practice

Application:- furniture ,soundproof, railway sleepers

Advantages:- 1. easily desired shape can be given

2. attractive appearances and good toughness Disadvantages:- It is inflammable and strength

is very along the length and across the length


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Abrasive material

An abrasive is a hard material used to wear away a softer material

Abrasive materials are used in the form of powder , amray , amray cloth , solid disk , bars of various shapes and sizes


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Silica

Silica is basically a re factory material which can with stand height temperatures it is the most simiple silicate material found on earth the tetrahedron structure of silica is electrically natural silica has three primary poly more fic crystalline forms which are known as quartz


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Ceramics

Ceramics materials are defend as those consisting of compounds of metallic and non metallic elements .

The comounds are usually oxides nitrides carbidies etc.

The very commonly used ceramic materials include clay , cement and glass

Application:-the ceramic are used in the field of heat engines electronic packging , gas turbines etc.


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Glass

Glass is a transperant silica product which may be amorphous or crystalline , depending on heat treatment .

Glass refars to material which is made by the fusion of mixture of silica basic oxide and few other comounds that react either whith silica or with basic oxides


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Graphite

Graphite is an allotropes of carbon It is also used for making graphite

crucibles in still making , break lining ,foundry facings zinc carbon batteries ,electric motors, generator burses and pencils for drawing and writing


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Diamond

It is an allotrope of carbon and the hardest known materials

Diamonds are naturally available material, now a days artificial diamonds are also available ,artificial diamonds are manufacture by high presser high tampture process it is yellow in colour door to nitro zone a impurity

Diamonds are widely used in drilling and other finessing operation like lapping honing and super finishing


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Plastic

The plastic are synthetic materials which are molded in to shape under presser with or without application of heat this can also be cast rolled extruded laminated and machines , plastic are usually divided in to two croups 1.thrmo plastic 2.thrmo setting plastic

Plastic are mostly used in manufactured of aero plane and auto mobile parts they are also used for making safety glasses laminated gears self lubricating Barings etc.


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Polymer

The basic structural units of polymers are preferred to as mono mars .

Polymer is therefore made up of thousands of monomer joined to gather to form a large molecule of colloidal diminution , called micro molecules

Application:-polymer are used for making high structure fibers like silk and wool they are also used in optical industries reflectors packging and coting material etc.


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Thank You

Introduction to Engineering Materials

Education

Transcript of Introduction to Engineering Materials