Introduction to engineering: History
-
Upload
adgonzalezd -
Category
Education
-
view
803 -
download
16
description
Transcript of Introduction to engineering: History
Engineering
History
It helps you remember.
It gives you a way to review for the final.
Why is it important to take notesduring this presentation?
When did engineering begin?
Who were the first engineers?
What were the first engineering designs?
We will discuss…
The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. in Asia Minor
http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.gif
The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers) They were becoming less nomadic and more what?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg/757px-Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
The Agrarian Society (agriculture)
forms the basis of civilization
cultivate plants - the need for increased food
productiondomesticate animals - for
food and workbuild permanent houses in
community group
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as:
Government: A Ruler makes laws that stabilize community life land ownership
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
The results of Government: organize work force
beginnings of a class society
supervisorsworkers - artisans
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14101/14101-h/images/p4_lesson3.gif
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Artisans are considered to be the first engineers
Why?
http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/03/050326101411.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this EraPeople discovered methods of producing fire at
will
http://www.sevamay.com/fire/ch17.htm
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Stone Age 600,000-5000 B.C.People discovered how to use rocks as tools.
http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/filestore/images/collectionsarch/stoneage_reconst_rec300web.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.Early Achievements in this Era
Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C.People learn how to shape soft
metals into tools.
http://www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_age.html
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.Early Achievements in this Era
Bronze Age 3000-2000 B.C.Mixing different kinds of
metals could make better tools.
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this EraDevelopment of a system of symbols for written
communications
http://www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Irrigation systems to promote crop growth
http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-iran.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines.
http://www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_windmi_24788_md.gif
http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_okanagan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
The wheel and axle Plow Yoke
http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg
http://www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/yoke.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization”
Clay tile material used for permanent documentation
Clay tablets unearthed which show:maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities and watercity plansirrigation systemswater supply systems
Mesopotamia
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Also called Cuneiform
The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.
• Outstanding contributions of mathematics
• Sexagesimal system • divided circle
into 360 degrees
• hour into 60 minutes
• minute into 60 seconds
Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:Among the first scientific engineers
Familiar with basic math Could figure out areas and
volumes of land excavationsNumber system based on 60
instead of 10Buildings were constructed
using basic engineering principles still used today
http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03/barry/barrywall.jpg
Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Primitive arches used in moving water (hydraulics)
Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden
stringers
http://www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Chapter5/
Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a construction system not used
again until the nineteenth century
http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/full171387.jpg
http://www.hotmix.org/history.php
The first recorded use of asphalt (bitumen) as a road building material was in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the reign of King Naboppolassar.
Map of Babylon
Gardens of Babylon
Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Egyptian EngineersPyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years
2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu
Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land measurement and building layout -transit and level Irrigation systems
www.greatbuildings.com
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:Had its origin in EgyptBetter known for the intensive development of
borrowed ideas than for creativity and inventionFamous for outstanding philosophers:Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and
Archimedes (mathematics)
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:Use of ideas was retarded
because of the belief that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.
http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.jpg
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:Even so, greeks were able to
come up with a few useful ideas:
Archimedes water screwCrossbowCatapult
• Roman Engineering • Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering
knowledge from the countries they conquered for use in warfare and in their public works
• Superior in the application of ideas and techniques
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
http://www.the-romans.co.uk/g5/37.waterclock.gif
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/InventionsO.htm
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PuppetShow.html
http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2004/11/heros_steam_tur.html
• Hero’s Inventions:• Gear driven odometer on
chariot• Steam turbine• Hydraulic clock• Fire engine
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
• All ideas stolen from Hero by the Romans•Who was Greek
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering Roman road systems- subbase, compact base, topcoat
180,000 miles
http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_f11a.jpg
Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering Aqueducts for Water supply Sanitary systemsEngineering principles applies to
military tactics
http://www.legionsix.org/contact1.jpg
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise”
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and optics
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the culture
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder
Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to
16th CenturiesJohann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first books
printed on paperLeonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was also an
engineer, inventor and architect Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults bridges
and buildingsSketches of future engineering devices such as:
Machine Gun HelicopterDrawbridgeBreach-loading CannonRoller BearingsUniversal Joint Tanks
The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries
Galileo Discovers:Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while
falling, is independent of weightEarth moves around the sun
Torricelli and Pascal Discovers:hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer
Boyle Discovers:expansion quality of air and the correlation between
temperature, volume, and pressure
The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries
Hooke Discovers:material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on
it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashion
Huygens develops spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures
gravitational accelerationNewton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion
developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems
The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries
The Developing Industrial AgeJames Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron furnaces,
rolling mills and other industriesHargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the spinning
and weaving machineryPieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold a
static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor
Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conductionAlessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery
Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th Century
Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics
Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field
Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year later
Henry Cort develops a method of refining ironJames Watt refines and produces an efficient steam
engineAt last good iron for machines and power plants to
operate the machinery
20th Century Technology
Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges
Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networks
Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motor
Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraftWallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and
chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research
20th Century Technology
Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins.
John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bell labs, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.
20th Century TechnologyTexas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers that
the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world”
Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet enginesBoeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of
transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mphTheodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has
mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms
20th Century Technology
And the list goes ON ANDON
AND
ON
Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution
Introduction to
Chemical Engineering
What are Chemical Engineers?
“Chemical engineers” use math, physical sciences (physics, chemistry), life sciences (biology, microbiology and biochemistry), and economics to solve practical problems. The difference between chemical engineers and other types of engineers is that they apply a knowledge of chemistry in addition to other engineering disciplines. Chemical engineers may be called “universal engineers” because their scientific and technical mastery is so extensive.
History of Chemical Engineering
Before 18th Century:Industrial chemicals were mainly produced through batch processing.
Industrial Revolution (1700-1800):Industrial production shifted from batch to continuous processing.
History of Chemical Engineering
1805 - John Dalton published Atomic Weights, allowing chemical equations to be balanced and the basis for chemical engineering mass balances.
1824 - Sadi Carnot was the first to study the thermodynamics of combustion reactions.
1850 - Rudolf Clausius applied the principles developed by Carnot to chemical systems at the atomic to molecular scale.
ChE Principles:
History of Chemical Engineering
1873 to 1876 - Josiah Willard Gibbs developed a mathematical-based, graphical methodology, for the study of chemical systems using the thermodynamics of Clausius.
1882 - Hermann von Helmholtz showed that measure of chemical affinity is determined by the measure of the free energy of the reaction process.
1883 - Osborne Reynolds defines the dimensionless group for fluid flow, leading to practical scale-up and understanding of flow, heat and mass transfer
ChE Principles:
History of Chemical Engineering
1882 – a course in "Chemical Technology" is offered at University College London.
1885 –a course in "chemical engineering" is offered at Central College (later Imperial College), London.
1888 –a new curriculum at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started: Course X, Chemical Engineering.
ChE Education:
Course X at MIT: "to meet the needs of students who desire a general training in mechanical engineering, and at the same time to devote a portion of their time to the study of the applications of chemistry to the arts, especially to those engineering problems which relate to the use and manufacture of chemical products."
History of Chemical Engineering
1908 – the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) is founded.
1922 – the UK Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) is founded.
1968 – the Colombian society of Chemical Engineering is founded.
ChE Institutes:
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
1. FUELING THE WORLD’S ECONOMIES
• The world's economy needs energy to keep it moving.
• Chemical engineers stretch fossil fuels into various energy supplies, e.g. gasoline, diesel, jet oil, etc.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society2. CREATING CLEANER ENERGY
Chemical engineers are creating a new generation of clean energy technologies.
- Nuclear power plant- NiMH battery - Alternative energies such as Air , Wind, Water, Solar, etc.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
NiMH battery for vehicles
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
3. PRODUCTS FOR GROWING POPULATIONS
- Water purification- Water desalination- GMO foods- Green productions
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
4. REMOVING HARMFUL SULFUR FROM FUELS
- Catalytic converter for car’s exhausted gas- Unleaded gasoline gasohol- Air pollution control
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
5. BETTER LIVING THROUGH CHEMISTRY
Chemical engineers have made plastics possible.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
http://www.bmw-security-vehicles.com
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
6. STRETCHING NATURAL RESOURCES
Chemical engineers make innovative materials.- Synthetic rubbers- Bio-plastics- Kevlar- etc.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
Kevlar Vests
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
7. LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Even if a product was created by a scientist, there is a good chance it was perfected and made practical by chemical engineers.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
Penicillin Discovery
In 1929, Sir Alexander Fleming discovered a strain of mouldthat inhibit bacteria Straphylococus growth, called penicillin.
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
8. CONVENIENT & ABUNDANT FOOD
When popping your favorite ready-to-eat meal in the microwave, thank chemical engineers!
- Processed food, canned food- Powder coffee, Powder milk- Sterilized food
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
9. HEALING DISEASES & EXTENDING LIFE
Chemical engineering has advanced medical science, improving the quality of life and saving millions of lives.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
Dialysis (Artificial Kidneys)
www.kidneycaregroup.com
TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society
10. POWERING THE PERSONAL COMPUTER The tools chemical engineers use to improve computers may have long-winded names, but their advances make our gadgets all the more powerful.
- Germanium-based silicon chips that help your laptop perform faster.
- From thin-film liquid crystal displays to software that simulates complex industrial processes.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010
Chemical Engineers in Action
1. Energy2. Environment3. Material Sciences4. Semiconductor Manufacturing5. Bio-medic6. Food
Jobs Opportunity for ChE