Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake...
Transcript of Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake...
![Page 1: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
Seismology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka
published: October 2014
![Page 2: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Plate tectonics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology 2
![Page 3: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
normal fault
right lateral fault
left lateral fault
Plate tectonics
3 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
reverse fault
![Page 4: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tectonics and seismicity
4 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 5: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
From Wakabayashi (1)
Epicentres for all earthquakes of 7 or larger that occurred between 1900 and 1980
San Andreas fault
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Tectonics and seismicity
5 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 6: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ground surface
Epicentral distance ∆
Epicenter Intensity I0
Sediment layer
Fault Hyp
ocen
tral
dept
h h
Hypocenter Magnitude M
Building Intensity I
From Müller, Keintzel (2)
Definitions
6 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 7: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Seismic waves
E - Young‘s modulus G - shear modulus ρ - mass density ν - Poisson ratio
i.e.: VP = 260 to 690 m/s and
VS = 150 to 400 m/s
In comparison with the atmospheric speed of sound: V = 360 m/s ~ 0,36 km/s
Body waves P-wave
S-wave
homogeneous body
From Grundbau-Taschenbuch (10)
Surface waves Love wave
Rayleigh wave From Grundbau-Taschenbuch (10)
7 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 8: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
t
Arrival of S-wave Arrival of P-wave Arrival of L-wave
From Wakabayashi (1)
Arrivalof P-wave Arrivalof S-wave
TSP
Vs Vp
1
1
s
∆
Determination of Hypocentre
8 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
−
=∆
PS
SP
VV
T11
![Page 9: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2
S13
S12 3
S23
TSP2
∆2
TSP3
∆3
1 ∆3
∆1
∆2
Hypocentre
Epicentre
TSP1
∆1
Determination of Hypocentre
9 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 10: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
From Petersen (3)
Wave propagation in an elastic solid
It is satisfied in general by the following solution:
Waves in elastic solids are described by the following partial differential equation, which is called the „wave-equation“:
10 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
( ) ( )tcxftcxfy ⋅++⋅−= 21
The functions f1 and f2 define the form of the wave, which propagates with velocity c. Choosing: and f2=0, the figure to the right shows the propagation of its wave form in x-direction versus time t
02 =′′⋅− ycy
![Page 11: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Wave propagation in layered bodies
Reflection and refraction on layers
Reflection and refraction between layers
1θ
From Wakabayashi (1)
Refraction in layers towards the surface
From Wakabayashi (1)
11 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
11
sinsin θθ ⋅=ccn
n
2
2
1
1 sinsincc
θθ=
![Page 12: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Reflection on a free or ground surface
12
Thus, we find for the displacement yg on the surface:
With this solution, the wave in an arbitrary point in the ground is given by:
y
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
At the surface (x=0), the shear stress is zero, thus . Applying this boundary condition to the general solution of the wave equation, we obtain: which gives f1 = f2 = f, and therefore
0=∂∂
⋅xyG
tf
tf
∂∂
=∂∂ 21
( ) ( )tcxftcxfy ⋅++⋅−=
( )tfyg ⋅= 2
( )
++
−⋅=
cxty
cxtyxty gg2
1,
![Page 13: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Reflection and transmission between two layers
13
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
A part of the incident wave passes through the boundary surface into the upper layer, while the rest is reflected at the interface: The compatibility conditions at the boundary between both layers are:
![Page 14: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
From Wakabayashi (1)
Reflection and transmission between two layers
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
where α, β and γ are the wave-propagation impedances:
![Page 15: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Wave propagation in a surface layer on bedrock
15
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
The solutions for the free surface and between two layers must be combined. The solution for the surface layer is: The solution for the bedrock is: The compatibility conditions at the boundary between both layers are These three equations lead to the expression on the right:
![Page 16: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
From Wakabayashi (1)
Wave propagation in a surface layer on bedrock
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
Assuming that the waveform vg at the surface is Ageiωt and the incident wave f1(t) is a eiωt, a is given by
The amplitude ratio Ag to 2a at the boundary between surface layer and bedrock is:
( ) ( )
⋅⋅+⋅=
⋅−+⋅+⋅=
−
22
sincos2
11422
cHi
cHA
eeAa
g
cHi
cHi
g
ωαω
ααωω
21
2
22
2
2 sincos2
−
⋅+=
cH
cH
aAg ωαω
![Page 17: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Amplification characteristics of multi-layers
17
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 18: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Earthquake motions on ground surface
18
viscously damped SDOF oscillator
From Clough, Penzien (4)
free body equilibrium
m
The seismometer
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 19: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The seismometer
19
The general solution is:
2nd order differential equation for a SDOF system under sinusoidal base excitation:
Homogeneous plus particular solution
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
with the following definitions:
![Page 20: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The seismometer
20
damped frequency:
logarithmic decrement:
Homogeneous solution: free vibration response
damped free vibration
t
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 21: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
The seismometer
tωθ
sρ
cρ
ρ t
Particular solution: steady-state response (free vibration has damped out)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
( ) ( ) ( )( )[ ]tt
vtv g ωξβωξ
ξβξωcos2sin1
211 2
22220 −−⋅
+−⋅
−=
sine amplitude: cosine amplitude: phase angle: amplitude:
tGtGvp ωω cossin 21 ⋅+⋅=
![Page 22: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The seismometer
22
From Clough, Penzien (4)
Accelerometer: • high tuned SDOF
• damping ratio ξ ~ 0,7
dynamic magnification:
amplitude:
ξ=0.7
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 23: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The seismometer
23
From Clough, Penzien (4)
ξ=0.5
Displacement meter: • low tuned SDOF
• damping ratio ξ ~ 0,5
harmonic base displacemnet:
amplitude:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 24: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Data processing of measured acceleration
Measurement of the east-west acceleration component of the Montenegro earthquake, 1979
Base line correction
Filtering raw data
numerical integration
numerical integration
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 25: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fourier spectrum
25
Function a(t) in the time domain
Fourier transformation
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 26: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Power spectrum
26
Correlation function Φ(τ) in the time domain
Fourier Transformation
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 27: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
From Flesch (6)
Generation of artificial accelerograms
27
Random process
i. e. Kanai-Tajimi-Filter:
Generated accelerogram; statistically equivalent to measured accelerograms
Intensity function
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 28: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Earthquake process simulation
28
Empirical Green‘s functions
From DGEB (9)
empirical Green‘s functions
location
Hypocentre
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 29: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Earthquake process simulation
FEM simulation
two-dimensional model
From DGEB (9)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 30: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Earthquake process simulation
FEM-simulation
From DGEB (9)
three-dimensional model
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 31: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Seismic moment and moment magnitude
The length of the fault rupture L [km] is related to Mw :
Richter established an empirical relationship between the energy of the surface wave Es and the surface magnitude Ms:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
with: d - average displacement of ruptured surface A - area of ruptured surface µ - shear strength of rock
KANAMORI gives the following relationship between seismic moment M0 and moment magnitude Mw:
Mw and Ms are almost identical up to 7,5 with 1 dyn = 10-8 kN
Today, the Magnitude is based on the seismic moment M0, which is a mechanical measure of the rupture process:
with Es in erg, 1 erg = 10-4 kNm
![Page 32: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Magnitude and intensities
One earthquake has only one magnitude but the intensity differs with the hypocentral distance r:
The relationship between hypocentral depth h, Magnitude M and the epicentral Intensity I0 for European conditions is given by the following equation:
From Wakabayashi (1)
32 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 33: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Intensity scales
Abridged Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Intensity Descripton
I Not felt except under exceptionally favorable circumstances
II Felt by persons at rest
III Felt indoors; may not be recognized as an earthquake
IV Windows, dishes, and doors disturbed; standing motor cars rock noticeably
V Felt outdoors; sleepers wakened; doors swing
VI Felt by all; walking unsteady; windows and dishes broken
VII Difficult to stand; noticed by drivers; fall of plaster
VIII Steering of motor cars affected; damage to ordinary masonry
IX General panic; weak masonry destroyed, ordinary masonry heavily damaged
X Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations; rails bent slightly
XI Rails bent greatly; underground pipes brocken
XII Damage total; objects thrown into the air
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 34: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Intensity scales
MM = Modified-Mercalli-Scale
MSK = Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale
JMA = Japanese Meteorological Agency
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 35: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
European earthquake intensities
Maximum observed intensities in Europe
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 36: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Earthquake as statistical process
Generalized Gumbel distribution:
Parameters
Input rate
Observed data
Inaccuracies
Seismicity model
Location: Cologne
Site intensity
From DGEB (11)
From DGEB (11)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 37: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Magnitude input rate
From DGEB (11)
Earthquake as statistical process
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 38: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Earthquake as statistical process
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 39: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Probabilistic seismic hazard in Germany for the 1000-year return period
From DGEB (11) From DGEB (11)
Earthquake as statistical process
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
Probabilistic seismic hazard in Germany for the 10000-year return period
![Page 40: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Paleo-Seismology
Earthquakes and gradual motions in active faults in the Lower Rhine embankment
From DGEB (7)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 41: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Paleo-Seismology
from DGEB (7)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 42: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Paleo-Seismology
Erft fault at the 66-m floor of an open-pit mine near Cologne
From DGEB (7)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 43: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Paleo-Seismology
Ancient dislocation of layers at the Erft fault:
Evidence for a single earthquake with more than 6.0 Mw? From DGEB (7)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 44: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Paleo-Seismology
From DGEB (7) Three types of typical motion pattern in tectonic zones
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 45: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Paleo-Seismology
From DGEB (7)
Gradual motions in active faults in California
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 46: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Paleo-Seismology
From DGEB (7)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology
![Page 47: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering - uni- · PDF fileIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Seismology . Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka . published: October 2014](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021501/5a78fd6f7f8b9a7b548bd28e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
References
49
(1) Wakabayashi – Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings McGraw-Hill Book Company
(2) Müller, Keintzel – Erdbebensicherung von Hochbauten Verlag Ernst &Sohn
(3) Petersen – DynamikderBaukonstruktionen Vieweg
(4) Clough, Penzien – Dynamics of Structures McGraw-Hill
(5) Meskouris – Baudynamik Ernst &Sohn
(6) Flesch – Baudynamik Bauverlag
(7) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen - DGEB Schriftenreiheder DGEB, Heft 9 Elsevier
(8) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen - DGEB Schriftenreiheder DGEB, Heft 2 Elsevier
(9) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen - DGEB Schriftenreiheder DGEB, Heft 10 Elsevier
(10) Ulrich Smoltczyk Grundbau-Taschenbuch Ernst und Sohn
(11) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen - DGEB Schriftenreiheder DGEB, Heft 6 Elsevier
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Seismology