Introduction to Earth/Environm ental Science. Lab Safety Rules Use lab only with directed by the...
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Transcript of Introduction to Earth/Environm ental Science. Lab Safety Rules Use lab only with directed by the...
Introduction to
Earth/Environmental Science
Lab Safety Rules
• Use lab only with directed by the teacher.• ALWAYS wear safety goggles.• Report any accident or incident to the teacher• Confine long hair and and loose clothing
whenever working with flames or chemicals• Never work with chemicals without checking
labels.
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Lab Safety Rules cont.
• Never taste substances without teacher’s direction.
• Place broken glass and disposables in appropriate container.
• Wash hands before leaving the lab.
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What is Earth Science?
Earth Science •The name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space.
Branches of Earth ScienceA. Astronomy
Study of objects past the atmosphere
Ex: Stars, moon, comets
B. Meteorology
Study of the atmosphereProcesses of weather and climate Ex: clouds, rain, hurricanes
C. Geology
Study of materials that make-up the EarthProcesses that form and change those materialsEx: rocks, minerals, earthquakes, volcanoes
D. Oceanography
Study of the oceans Ex: trenches, marine animals
Earth’s Major Spheres/Systems
A. Hydrosphere All water on Earth Oceans, rivers, streams,
lakes & seas 97% of the water is salt
water 3% of water is freshwater
B. Atmosphere Gaseous layers above the
surface of Earth Weather and Climate on
Earth Makes life possible on
Earth
C. Geosphere/LithosphereBeneath both the
Hydrosphere and Atmosphere
Three Parts Core Mantle Crust
D. Biosphere All organisms on Earth Environments where
organisms live
What is Environmental Science?
• The study of how humans use resources and the affect it has on the Earth
What Environmental Science deals with?
• Renewable Resources– Plants, animals, water,
wind
• Nonrenewable Resources– Coal, oil, natural gas
• Population Growth
• Environmental Problems– Pollution, global warming
• Natural Hazards– Flooding, droughts,
earthquakes
Scientific Method /Experimental Design
• An organized plan for gathering, organizing and communication of information
• GOAL– Solve a problem
– Better understand something
Experimental Design
1) Problem/QuestionWhat do you want to know?
2) Research3) Hypothesis4) Experiment– Test your hypothesis
5) Collect and Analyze Data6) Conclusion– Accept, reject, or modify the hypothesis
Evolution of a Scientific Idea1. Hypothesis
An educated guess
2. Theory
Extensively tested hypothesisCan be modified with new dataStill can be proven wrong
3. Scientific Law
Generalized rule to explain observations
Summarizes a pattern in nature
Ex: Law of Gravity
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Parts of an Experiment
• Variable– Factor that changes
– Two types• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Independent Variable– Fact YOU change
– AKA: Manipulated Variable
• Dependent Variable– Factor that changes
BECAUSE you changed something
– AKA: Responding Variable
• Constant – Factors that never are
changed from test to test
• Trial– Repeating the
experiment
– 3 times for best result
Experimental Design Practices
Asking Questions and Defining Problems Developing and Using Models Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Analyzing and Interpreting Data Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Engaging in Argument from Evidence Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information
Measurement Types
LENGTH Straight line distance
between two points How long something is SI unit = meters (m) Tools for finding
Meter stick or ruler
Temperature Amount of heat given
off by an object Molecular Motion How hot or cold
something is SI unit = Kelvin (K)
ºC, ºF Tools for finding
Thermometer
MASS How much Matter is in
an object SI unit: kilogram (kg) Tools for Finding
Balances or scales
Note:Mass and Weight are two different thingsMass never changes from place to place
VOLUME Amount of Space an object
takes up Units: L, mL, cm3
Tools: graduated cylinder or ruler
Three Different Methods for finding Volume
Regular object Irregular object Liquid
Finding Volume
1. Liquids (water) Place the liquid in a
graduated cylinder and read the level
2. Regular Object (block)o L * W * H
3. Irregular Object (rock) Do Water Displacement Subtract water level without
object from water level with object
Density
Mass per unit Volume
Unit: g/mL or g/cm3
Formula Density = mass ÷
volume
Density of water is 1 g/mL
Less means float More means sink