INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL Architecture Digital Architecture AE 461 course -2013-

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITALArchitectureDigital Architecture AE 461 course -2013-

Digital Architecture AE 461 course -2013-

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It is often said that times of war are an era for technological advances, and it is true that the blossoming of digital architecture has a prehistory born out of the Second World War. The early advances in computation and the evolution of cybernetics were both important developments that enabled digital architecture to be developed.


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A wide range of digital technology has been utilized as part of a new medium that aids the methods of architecture. Multidimensional as well as digital technology such as 3D modelling software, generative systems/algorithms and CAD/CAM fabrication are also contributing to the changes. These changes produce new aspects, factors and approaches in architecture we will discuss fundamental knowledge of new terminologies that affect the digital revolution.


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Globalization In its literal sense is the process of transformation of

local or regional phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. This process is a combination of economic, technological, social, cultural and political forces.

Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.


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Technology "technology" can refer to material objects

of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas:examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".


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Advancements in electrical and mechanical engineering, material innovation, and fabrication techniques such as computer numerically controlled (CNC) fabrication, have made many concepts in the digital design realm come to existence.


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A technology is not an independent or alien object, it complements integrally our sensorial and cognitive system; as a medium, it conditions not only communication modes but also the way we perceive and conceive our environment.


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The technological developments of the last decades are at the base of the shift from industrial to post-industrial information society, where computation and communication technologies extend our very 'senses'.


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The notions of body, matter, space and time are increasingly defined by the unit of information; its structures, processes and systems introducing new parameters of space and time - presence, such as immersion (real/virtual) and interaction (real-time/entropy) as well as new parameters of materiality (nano-technologies and smart memory materials) or biological (gene technologies) ones in its definition.


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Technology based on the transmission and computation of information influences organization models (modes of production, work and knowledge) and affects the communication process (code, symbol) and the social relations as well as their specialization


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Triggered by technological progress, new codes (semantics) and methods (practice) appear in the arts. They are often revealed by the term that is used to qualify them, as for example the word 'industrial design' came up in the beginning of the last century according to the shift of pre-industrial to industrial society. The emergence of the concept of 'industrial design' around theBauhaus had the intended purpose of qualifying artistic concerns in relation to the technological and social changes in order to reintroduce them in the concept of art itself.

http://lab-au.com/?tag=emerge

http://lab-au.com/?tag=Bauhaus


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The invention of the machine not only lead to new styles and forms in art, but to a fundamental rethinking of artistic practice and aesthetics. But the term of design itself has evolved, as technology did, from industrial design to visual communication, from process design tocybernetics. Technology continuously extended our 'senses' which also transform our understanding of the arts, its forms, methods and purposes.

This transformation of our perceptive and cognitive apparatus can be described as a relation ' from sense (esthésis) to sense (sémiosis). The work around technology is thus founded in the research of new artistic forms and experiences as a quest in the signs of our times.

http://lab-au.com/?tag=cybernetic


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Cybernetics "Cybernetics is the study of systems and

processes that interact with themselves and produce themselves from themselves.

Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes.

the basic principles underlying such things as: Artificial intelligence Robotics Simulation Adaptive systems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_system


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ASIMO (28 April 2011) ASIMO uses sensors and sophisticated

algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMO


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Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Also defined as "the study and design of intelligent agents“, where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.


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Digital Design and Manufacturing Techniques New developments in the field of

Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have impacted many fields. Architecture has so far been relatively influenced by these advanced digital tools .


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A number of new types of tools and methods for experimentation are greatly affecting the ways that we build and test prototypes in t his field. Manufacturing tools, such as computer numerical control [CNC]( refers to a computer controller that drives a machine tool.), laser cutting, vacuum forming, and three -dimensional printing, are also contributing to accelerating the prototyping process by making it possible to fabricate parts more cheaply, precisely, and quickly


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A number of architecture and design schools have recently adopted tools for digital fabrication and developed curricula around the mass means of discovering their potential in the field of architecture. Computer numerical controlled machines, for instance, have radically transformed the manufacturing industry in recent years.


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The integration of computational tools, such as 3-D modeling software for real –time simulation, and actual physical testing into the process of designing also allows designers to confront and anticipate many of the issues that occur when building at full -scale.


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For example, building a simple, programmable kinetic prototype to test an idea about how a structure could move to accommodate a specific scenario can be invaluable in gaining an understanding of specific mechanical problems. Such real-time tests give designers the most insight, as they allow real-world factors to be applied to ideas previously developed in computer models.


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Robotics The technologically driven human

behavioral patterns are beginning to facilitate a paradigmatic shift from the mechanical to the biological, from a standpoint of adaptation. Change in the mechanical world is cyclical, but there is no development, as the factors are continually repeated with set outcomes; the organic paradigm is developmental and reciprocal it emulates life.


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Organic theory emerges from nature, an environment that possesses evolutionary patterns that produce forms of growth and strategies of behavior, optimizing each particular pattern to the contextual situation. Thus, the organic paradigm of kinetic adaptation has driven a profound set of developments in both robotics and new materials whereby the adaptation becomes much more holistic and operates on a very small internal scale. A boom in sensor innovation and manufacturing has signaled the availability of previously unimaginable means for gathering data and information.


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Performative Ecologies is made of four independent ‘creatures’ that observe the public and dance for them (figure 4). At the beginning of the exhibition, the creatures are rather dumb, they have little understanding of the way to move their heads and react to visitors. The only instinct they have is ‘to be looked at” so they search their environment for people. As soon as their camera has detected that someone is watching them, they start dancing in order to keep the attention on them. In the beginning, they perform randomly. As time passes however, the little machines learn which kind of dance is more successful with observers; they improve their movements and choreography. They become increasingly smart and informed.


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Nanotechnologies Technology has provided recent

unprecedented insight into the workings of microscopic natural mechanisms and advanced manufacturing of high-quality kinetic parts with new materials including fabrics, ceramics, polymers and gels, shape-memory alloy compounds, and composites:" In the same vein, it cannot be ignored that those structures and systems being explored at even smaller scales, such as the Nano.


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. Nano-composite materials are being developed that are self-sensing and self-actuating to improve strength, reliability, and performance. The combination of new materials and robotics at a very small scale opens up a fascinating area that is relevant to interactive architecture in bio-nanotechnology.


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Digital architecture could greatly benefit from the Integration of biological functions and Nanoscale precision. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1,1 significantly larger than any other material (figure 5). These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties, making them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields.


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It serves as a general heading for all manner of analyses and material investigations at Nanoscale. It describes any activities at a magnitude of less than 100 nm. A Nanometer (nm) is a millionth of a millimeter (1/1,000,000mm = l0-6mm)


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The definition given by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research: "Nanotechnology refers to the creation, investigation and application of structures, molecular materials, internal interfaces or surfaces with at least one critical dimension or with manufacturing tolerances of (typically) less than 100 nanometers. The decisive factor is that the very Nanoscale of the system components results in new functionalities and properties for improving products or developing new products and applications."


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Cyberspace The term was coined by the cyberpunk

science fiction author William Gibson, the term has become a conventional means to describe anything associated with computers, information technology, the internet and the diverse internet culture.


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Cyberspace cyberspace is defined more by the social

interactions involved rather than its technical implementation. The computational medium in cyberspace is an augmentation of the communication channel between real people; the core characteristic of cyberspace is that it offers an environment that consists of many participants with the ability to affect and influence each other within a virtual world.


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Cyber Society Cyber society is a society where computerized

information transfer and where the normal functioning of this society is severely degraded or totally impossible if the computerized systems no longer function correctly. Following this definition, cyber society is an advanced form of human-computer interaction. This relationship, human-computer interaction, involves not just a single human and a single computer. As a social experience, in cyber society individuals can interact, exchange ideas, share information, provide social support, conduct business, direct actions, create artistic media, play games, engage in political discussion, and so on.

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL Architecture Digital Architecture AE 461 course -2013-

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