Introduction to Computing CSCI101 Marguerite Doman, PhD v r.

Introduction to ComputingCSCI101

Marguerite Doman, PhD

v

r

Communications

Syllabus

Blackboard - online.winthrop.edu

Homework to be turned in through Blackboard

Quizzes will be done through Blackboard

Grading

HTML Assignments: 15% Gamemaker Assignments: 25% Online Quizzes: 10%

Exam 1 : 15% Exam 2 : 15% Cumulative Final Exam: 20%

Late Homework Policy

Online quizzes must be completed on time. The quizzes will be closed at the end of day of the lecture.

4 slip days

Extra Credit Remaining slip days (.5%) Extra credit assignment: ..%

History of Computing … Very Short

Marguerite Doman, PhD

What is a Computer?

Perform the repetitive calculations for – Sheep Grain Astronomy Census information Navigational tides Finance ----- Anything we want

In the beginning…

Calculating Machines

photos from en.wikipedia.org

Counting Tables

Pullan, J.M, The History of the abacus. Lunodon: Books that Matter, 1986;Young, Liz, A short history of the Abacus, Http://fenris.net!lizyoung/abacus.html

A stone with grooves on one side used as place values.

Small stones were used within the lines for calculating

Thought to be the precursors of the Abacus.

Medieval device with 2000 years of documented use

Store ‘counter’ derived from counting tables

The Salamis Tablet

The oldest surviving counting board used by the Babylonians circa 300 B.C.

Gaming board

Pullan, J.M, The History of the abacus. Lunodon: Books that Matter, 1986;Salamis Tablet; Jacksonville University http://users.ju.edu/ssundbe/salamis.htmlYoung, Liz, A short history of the Abacus, Http://fenris.net!lizyoung/abacus.html

“The gaming boards used by ancient cultures such as the Babylonians and the Romans are thought to be the precursors of the Abacus.

The Salamis tablet is approximately 150 x 75 x 4.5 cm and is made of marble.

Abacus Often called the earliest calculating machine

in the world. 3000 B.C or 500 B.C

Abacus was invented in Babylon depending on source

1300 A.D. The 2/5 abacus (2 on the upper part, 5 on the

lower) made its first appearance in China

Fernandes, Luis. "Introduction", The Abacus, the Art of Calculating with Beads http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus: 28 March 1999 Grado, Victor M. "Nepohualtzitzin, A Mesoamerican Abacus" http://www.ironhorse.com/~nagual/abacus: 28 March 1999 Young, Liz, A short history of the Abacus, Http://fenris.net!lizyoung/abacus.html

Abacus An form of the abacus was found during

archeological excavations in Central America.

dates to around 900 AD and is constructed from maize kernels threaded on a

string, all contained within a wooden frame 7 beads by 13 columns.

Fernandes, Luis. "Introduction", The Abacus, the Art of Calculating with Beads http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus: 28 March 1999 Grado, Victor M. "Nepohualtzitzin, A Mesoamerican Abacus" http://www.ironhorse.com/~nagual/abacus: 28 March 1999 Young, Liz, A short history of the Abacus, Http://fenris.net!lizyoung/abacus.html

Napier’s Bones 1600

1600 A. D. John Napier invented

strips to help with mulitiplication

Napier’s bones demonstration

Calculating Machines

… with Logic


Difference Engine, 1821

Proposed by Charles Babbage “Father of computing”

Invented to compile mathematical tables Designed to tabulate polynomial function Logarithmic and trigonometric functions can be

approximated by polynomial functions.


Analytical Engine, 1833

Abilities add subtract loop (repeat instructions

over and over) compare two

numbers etc…


Analytical Engine, 1833 The engine was designed in great detail on

paper but it was never completed. Had characteristics of today’s computers:

It was designed to contain a memory or "store," an arithmetic unit .

Capable of performing the four operations of arithmetic

An input/output system which used punched cards, and a printer to display the results.

The engine would have been steam-driven

Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace Daughter of Lord Byron Suggests to Babbage that he

use the binary system. She writes programs for his

analytical engine, becoming the world's first programmer


Internet Related Developments 1844 – Samuel Morse sends the first

telegraphic message from Washing ton to Baltimore.

1856 -1866 Europe and all of America is connected by telegraph

1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

1901 Marconi sends the first transatlantic wireless message.

Modern Computers

1st Generation - Vacuum Tubes

1946-1958

Vacuum Tube, 1906

A glass tube surrounding a vacuum. When electrical contacts are put on the

ends, a current flows though that vacuum. In electronics, a vacuum tube, is used to

amplify, switch, otherwise modify, or create an electrical signal by controlling the movement of electrons in a low-pressure space.

Inventor: Lee DeForestFrom www.pbs.org/transitor/science/events/vacuumt.html

Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 1930 Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry

The first electrically powered digital computer

Used vacuum tubes to store data

First computer to use the binary system


Colossus 1944

Developed in UK during WWII Used by British codebreakers to help read

encrypted German messages in World War II.


Harvard Mark 1, 1944 Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper Electro-mechanical mechanism used to compute artillery tables Handled 4 arithmetic functions, with special

programs for logs and trig. storage = 72 numbers


Grace Hopper Pioneer in the field, One of the first programmers of the Harvard

Mark I computer,

Developed the first complier for a computer programming language. COBOL, one of the first modern

programming languages.

She is also credited with popularizing the term "debugging" for fixing computer glitches (motivated by an actual moth removed from the computer).

Because of the breadth of her accomplishments and her naval rank, she is sometimes referred to as "Amazing Grace".


Grace Hopper: Technology Pioneer

Grace Hopper on Letterman

Grace Hopper: short overview

Grace Hopper

“ If it’s a good idea,

you should do it.”

Grace Hopper


Grace Hopper: Technology Pioneer

Grace Hopper on Letterman

Grace Hopper: short overview

ENIAC 1946

First General Purpose Computer

-Turing complete machine

ENIAC 1946 - Univ of Pennsylvania programmed via wires

EDVAC based on ENIAC program stored in

memory

UNIVAC 1951 first commercial machine


Modern Computers

2nd Generation - Transistors

1959-1964

Transistors Invented at Bell Laboratories

Vacuum tubes were far from ideal. They had to warm up before they worked (and sometimes overheated when they did), they were unreliable and bulky and they used too much energy. In the years after World War II, scientists were looking for alternatives to vacuum tubes.

Transistors, made from silicon, have 2 different states. They are either on or off based on the current

The Bell Labs team of John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley won the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work in developing transistors.

photos from http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/transistor.htm

Successful 2nd Generation Computers Time of big computers in big companies Proprietary and basically free software

Successful companies: IBM Burroughs Control Data Honeywell

Example: IBM 1400

A general purpose system Used in conjunction with IBM punched card

equipment.

Modern Computers

3rd Generation

Integrated Circuit

1965-1970

Integrated Circuits

Small chip containing thousands of transistors

Inventor: Jack Kilby, Nobel Laureate of Physics

System Examples: Burroughs B5000

photo from http://jack.hoaroots.org/Burr104.htmlhttp://www.vikingwaters.com/htmlpages/MFHistory.htm

•First offered in 1960•Consider the first of the 3rd generation computers

System Examples: IBM 360

photo from IBM (www.ibm.com)

•First offered in 1964•Equally suited for business or science•From 8K to 8M of memory

Other advances of the 3rd Generation Evolution of operating systems

Becoming more general purpose

Separate pricing for hardware and software.

Internet Related Developments 1962 – The Telstar communications satellite is

launched and relays the first transatlantic television broadcast

1968 – Intel formed 1969 - ARPA-Net, the forerunner of the

Internet, is established by the US Department of Defense.

Modern Computers

4th Generation Computers

The Microprocessor

1971 - Today

Microprocessor

Based on VLSI VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration thousands of transistors per chip

Microprocessors Created by Intel Corp Small chip containing

millions of transistors Functions as a central

processing unit (CPU)

photo from www.cs.indiana.edu, www.comet.rs

Computers are getting faster, more powerful, smaller and cheaper

Altair 8800

The first microcomputer Sold as a kit Switches for input Lights for output The first PC, the Altair 8800, was introduced in

kit form and was featured in an article in Popular Electronics magazine. The response for orders was unexpectedly overwhelming.

Apple Computer

1976 - Two other young hacker geeks, Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniac build a computer in Steve's parents garage. They call it the Apple.

From Computer Hope: www.compyterhope.com/historyPhoto from Http://inventors.about.com

Microsoft

1980 IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system for a new PC.

The pair buy the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and use it as a template.

IBM allows the two to keep the marketing rights to the operating system, called DOS.

From Computer Hope: www.compyterhope.com/history

Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) Revolutionized software industry

Easy to learn

Lead to the creation of Microsoft Made programming easier for the

masses

Other advancements: User Interface Switches/Cards/tape Previously: Command line interface WYSIWYG: What you see is what you get

56

Cellular Phones and Smartphones

Features include Auto-redial Voice mail Voice-activated dialing Internet access Text messaging Personal information management (PIM)

The most full-featured cell phones are categorized as smartphones

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Internet Related Developments 1962 – The Telstar communications satellite is

launched and relays the first transatlantic television broadcast

1968 – Intel formed 1969 - ARPA-Net, the forerunner of the

Internet, is established by the US Department of Defense.

Fifth Generation

Based on ??? technology

Current Job Market? "software engineer" tops the Money Magazine Best

Jobs list software development in U.S. is a $150Billion business

Who hires CS graduates? Any company that owns a computer.

How much do CS graduates make? starting salary = $43K to $55K average software engineer = $80K to $150K

Software Industry in the U.S.Software Industry in the U.S.

Web Application Design

Networking and Computer Security

Graphics

Artificial Intelligence

Database Analysis

Specialties within Specialties within Computer ScienceComputer Science

Continued Movement to the Web Delivering Home and Mobile Entertainment New Services

e.g. Google Medical

Handheld Devices multi-media / intelligent / interconnected

Unknown integration of devices

Future Software Trends

Next Class…

Computer Guts Components of a modern computer What to look for when buying a computer

Operating Systems Differences in Windows and Linux

Introduction to Computing CSCI101 Marguerite Doman, PhD v r.

Documents

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