Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)

7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIONTO

COMPUTERS


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The Digital RevolutionWhere can you fnd

computers?

Computers are everywhere


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The Digital Revolution

What is computer literacy?

I you are computer literate, you have knowledge and understanding o

computers and their uses


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What Is a Computer?

What is a computer? n electronic machine,

operating under thecontrol o instructionsstored in its own memory

accepts data

manipulates the dataaccording to specifedrules

produces results

stores the results oruture use

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Data

Collection of raw

unprocessed

facts, figures,and symbols

Information

Data that is

organized,

meaningful,

and useful

What is a Computer?What are data and inormation?

Next


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What is a Computer?

Who is a user?

!omeone that

communicates with acomputer

!omeone who uses theinormation it generates

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"#amples o Computer$sage

What is the digital divide? Idea that you canseparate people othe world into twodistinct groups

Those who haveaccess totechnology withthe a%ility to use it

Those who do nothave access totechnology or arewithout the a%ilityto use it

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SoftwareThe series of

instructions that

tells the hardware

how to performtasks

ardware

The electric,

electronic, andmechanical e!uipment

that makes up a

computer

What is a Computer?What are hardware and sotware?

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Input"ny data orinstructions you

enter into a

computer

#utput

Data that has

been processed

into informationStorage"rea in a

computer that

can hold data

and information

for future use

Communication

The capability of

communicatingwith other

computers

What is a Computer?

What is theinormation

processingcycle?

$rocess

%anipulate theinput &data' to

produce output

&information'

Next


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Advantages and Disadvantagesof a Computer

Computers can enlarge man&s%rainpower %ecause o the ollowing

advantagesand properties which hadlead to the human or superhumanimages created a%out it'


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1 A!i"it# to Perform Certain $ogi%

Operations' Computers are sym%olmanipulators' It can manipulate inlogical ways letter, num%ers, words,sentences, mathematical e#pressions

and other sym%ols to which peoplehave given meaning' It is a%le toperorm a simple comparison and

then, depending on the result, ollowone o two or more predetermined%ranches or courses o action' This

simple a%ility to compare is an


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& A!i"it# to Provide Ne' TimeDimensions' The computer works onestep at a time) it adds and su%tractsnum%ers) it multiplies and divides

num%ers) and it can %e programmed toperorm other mathematicaloperations' What is signifcant is the

speed with which the computer canperorm them' The computer is so astthat is saves a tremendous amount o

time'


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( A!i"it# to Store and RetrieveInformation' The computer stores ininternal storage %oth acts and

instructions' The ease with whichinstructions can %e changed gives thecomputer great *e#i%ility ' The accesstime re(uired or inormation to %e

recalled rom internal storage and %eavaila%le or use is measured inmicroseconds or more precise units' +ewmachines that are used %y man have thisstored program a%ility'


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) A!i"it# to %ontro" error It has%een estimated that a person wouldmake one error in every --. /---

operations with a desk calculator' computer can perorm hundreds o

thousands o arithmetic operations

every second and can run error less orhours and days at a time'


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* A!i"it# to C+e%, Itse"fComputers

have the a%ility to check its own work'0y a method known as parity checking,computers check on data when theyenter storage, when they are movedinternally, and when they leave in theorm o output' The parity checkperormed %y the computer involves

the e#amination o each character&scode to determine whether %its have%een added or lost %y mistake


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$imitations or Disadvantages-

/' Cannot replace a human %rain'

1' Works only on stored procedures

and cannot think on its own'2' 3ot all comple# calculations can %e

solves through computers'

4' computer cannot generateinormation on its own'

' computer cannot correct wrong

instruction'


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The Components o a Computer

What are common computer hardware components?

printer

scanner

speakerPC camera

microphonedigital camera

system unit

keyboard

modem

speaker

monitor

mouse

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What is an input device? ny hardware component that allows a user to enter data and instructions into a

computer

scanner

microphone

keyboard

mouse

PC camera

digital

camera

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What is an output device? ny hardware component that can convey inormation to a user

printer

monitor speakers

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What is the system unit ?

!ometimes called a chassis

%o#.like case made rom metalor plastic that protects theinternal electronic components othe computer rom damage

Circuitry in the system unitusually is part o or is connectedto a circuit %oard called themother%oardNext


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What is storage? 5olds data, instructions, and inormation or uture use

Storage De(ice

)ecords and

retrie(es items to

and from a storage

medium

De(ices often

function as source of

input because they

transfer items from

storage into memory

Storage %edium

$hysical material

on which a

computer keepsthe data,

instructions and

informationNext


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Speed*illions of

operations canbe carried out

in a singlesecond

Why Is a Computer !o 6owerul?

What characteristics make a computer

powerul?Storage

+normous amounts of

data can be stored and

made a(ailable for

processing anytime it isneeded

)eliability

Dependable because

components ha(e a

low failure rate sothey produce

consistent results

"ccuracy

If data is entered correctlyand program works properly,

the results are errorfree -

garbage in, garbage out

&.I.#'accuracy of output

depends on accuracy ofinput

Communications

Two connected

computers can share

stored data, instructions,

and informationNext


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Categories o ComputersWhat are the categories o computers?


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Two ma/orcategories

Desktop

Notebook

%icroprocessor

The single chip

that performs

all the

processing

functions on apersonal

computer

6ersonal ComputersWhat is a personal computer?

computer that can perorm all o its input,processing, output, and storage activities %y itsel

Contains at least

#ne Inputde(ice

#ne output

de(ice

#ne storagede(ice

%emory

" processorNext


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6ersonal ComputersWhat are the two most popular series opersonal computers?

The $C and compatibles use

the 0indows operatingsystem

The "pple %acintosh usesthe %acintosh operating

system &%ac #S'

Next


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6ersonal ComputersWhat is a desktop computer?

Designed so thesystem unit, input

devices, outputdevices, and anyother devices ft

entirely on orunder a desk orta%le

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6ersonal Computers

What are somedesktop computervariations? Tower model

Tall andnarrowsystem unit

that can siton the *oorvertically

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6ersonal Computers

What are somedesktop computervariations?ll.in.one

computer 7ess e#pensive

desktop thatcom%ines the

monitor andsystem unitinto a single

device

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6ersonal Computers

What are somedesktop computervariations? Workstation

8ore e#pensive and powerul

desktop designed or work thatre(uires intense calculationsand graphics capa%ilities

!tand.alone Can perorm the inormation

processing cycle operationswithout %eing connected to a

network

Next


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6ersonal Computers

What are somedesktop computervariations?

!erver 6owerul desktop that

manages theresources on anetwork

Clients or workstations

9ther computers onnetwork that accessthe contents o thestorage area on theserversNext


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6ersonal ComputersWhat is a note%ook computer?

lso called a

laptop 6orta%le,

personalcomputer small

enough to ft onyour lap

:enerally more

e#pensive than adesktopcomputer withe(ual

capa%ilities

Next


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5andheld ComputersWhat is a handheld computer?

lso called apalmtop computer

!mall computer thatfts in your hand

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5andheld Computers

5ow do you input data witha handheld computer?

#thers use a stylus

" stylus looks like a

ballpoint pen, but

uses pressure,instead of ink to write

Some ha(e small

keyboards

Some support (oice

inputNext


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5andheld ComputersWhat is a personal digital assistant;6D


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Internet ppliancesWhat is an Internet appliance orinormation appliance?

Computerwith limitedunctionalitywhose mainpurpose is to

connect tothe Internetrom homeNext


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8ainrame

mainframe is a large, e#pensive,powerul computer that can handlehundreds or thousands o connected

users simultaneously' 8ainramesstore tremendous amounts o data,instructions, and inormation' 8ost

ma>or corporations use mainrames or%usiness activities' With mainrames,enterprises are a%le to %ill millions o

customers, prepare payroll or


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!upercomputersWhat is a supercomputer?

+astest, most powerul computer

"ble to

processmore than 12

trillion

instructions

per second

Next


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!upercomputer

super%omputer is the astest, mostpowerul computer and the moste#pensive' The astest supercomputers are

capa%le o processing more than one(uadrillion instructions in a single second'With weights that e#ceed /-- tons, thesecomputers can store more than 1-,---

times the data and inormation o anaverage desktop computer' pplicationsre(uiring comple#, sophisticatedmathematical calculations use

supercomputers' 7arge.scale simulations


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"#amples o Computer


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Large Business


What are fve categories o computer users?

HomeMobile

Small Office/Home Office

Power

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"#amples o Computer


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What sotware is availa%le or a home user?

researchfinance and business

management

0eb accessentertainment

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"#amples o Computer


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5ow do computer companiesaccommodate children?

8any manuacturers design specialhardware or children

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Directs

computer to

perform

alternati(e

operations

$rints a

report

Stores

information

on disk

Computer !otwareWhat is a computer program?

series o instructions that tells the hardware o a computer what to do

"llows you

to input data

and stores it

in memory

3ses data inmemory in

calculations

Displaysinformation

on monitor

Compares(alues stored

in memory

Next


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Computer !otwareWhat is sotware installation? !ome programs can %e

loaded directly rompurchased media,others must %e

installed Install means part or

all o the instructionsare copied rom thepurchased media ontothe computer&s harddisk %eore theprogram can %e used

Next


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Computer !otwareWhat is system sotware?

6rograms that control the operations o the computer and its devices

#perating System

S'

Set of programs

containing instructionsthat coordinate all the

acti(ities among

computer hardware

de(ices

3tility program

Type of system

software that performsa specific task, usually

related to managing a

computer, its de(ices,

or its programsNext


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Computer !otwareWhat is the user interace?

Determines how youinteract withsotware

$sed to control howyou enter data andinstructions

$sed to control how

inormation displayson the screen

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Computer !otwareWhat is a graphical user interace

;:$I


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Computer !otwareWhat is application sotware?

6rograms that perorm specifc tasks or users

0ord

processing

software

Spreadsheet

software

Database

software

$resentation

graphics

software

Suite

Collection of popular

indi(idual software

applications bundled

together as a single unit

Spreadsheet

software

Database

software

$resentation

graphics

software

0ord

processing

software

Next

Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)

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