Introduction to Computer Systems

134
ELTP-CAMPUS EXCELLENT CAMPUS PLACEMENTS ELTP-GROUP Introduction to Computer Systems (ICS) Part-I

Transcript of Introduction to Computer Systems

Page 1: Introduction to Computer Systems

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Co

mp

ute

r S

yste

ms

(IC

S)

Par

t-I

Page 2: Introduction to Computer Systems

2

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mo

du

le O

bje

ctiv

e

Page 3: Introduction to Computer Systems

3

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A c

ompu

ter

syst

em in

clud

es a

com

pute

r, p

erip

hera

l

devi

ces,

and

sof

twar

e

Com

pute

r sy

stem

is a

dev

ice

that

acc

epts

inpu

t,

proc

esse

s da

ta, s

tore

s da

ta, a

nd p

rodu

ces

outp

ut

Wha

t is

a C

ompu

ter

Sys

tem

?

Page 4: Introduction to Computer Systems

4

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

a C

ompu

ter

Sys

tem

? (C

ont’d

)

CO

MP

UT

ER

SY

ST

EM

INP

UT

OU

TP

UT

Page 5: Introduction to Computer Systems

5

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

a co

mpu

ter?

Co

mp

ute

r re

fers

to a

Pro

gram

mab

le e

lect

roni

c de

vice

use

d to

Sto

re

Ret

rieve

and

,

Pro

cess

dat

a.

Inp

ut

mea

ns to

feed

info

rmat

ion

into

a c

ompu

ter

Wor

ds a

nd s

ymbo

ls in

a d

ocum

ent

Num

bers

for

a ca

lcul

atio

n

Pic

ture

s

Page 6: Introduction to Computer Systems

6

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Dat

a is

def

ined

as

the

sym

bols

, raw

fact

s or

figu

res

that

repr

esen

t peo

ple,

eve

nts

, thi

ngs

and

idea

s

Info

rmat

ion

is d

ata

that

is p

rese

nte

d in

a fo

rmat

peo

ple

can

unde

rsta

nd a

nd u

se

Com

pute

rs s

tore

dat

a in

dig

ital

form

at a

s a

serie

s of

1s

and

0s.

Eac

h 1

or 0

is c

alle

d a

bit

Eig

ht b

its is

cal

led

a b

yte

Dat

a, In

form

atio

n

Page 7: Introduction to Computer Systems

7

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Dat

a V

ersu

s In

form

atio

n

(Kno

wn

Fac

ts)

(Pro

cess

ed D

ata)

DA

TA

ININ

FO

RM

AT

ION

OU

T

Page 8: Introduction to Computer Systems

8

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Pro

cess

ing

is th

e w

ay th

at a

com

pute

r m

anip

ulat

es d

ata

perf

orm

ing

calc

ulat

ions

sort

ing

lists

and

num

bers

draw

ing

grap

hs

A c

ompu

ter

proc

esse

s da

ta in

a d

evic

e ca

lled

the

cen

tral

pro

cess

ing

un

it (

CP

U)

Wha

t is

a co

mpu

ter?

(C

ont’d

)

Page 9: Introduction to Computer Systems

9

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A c

ompu

ter

stor

es d

ata

so

that

it w

ill b

e av

aila

ble

for

proc

essi

ng

Mem

ory

is a

n ar

ea o

f a c

ompu

ter

that

hol

ds d

ata

that

is w

aitin

g to

be

pro

cess

ed

Vol

atile

mem

ory

Sto

rag

e is

the

area

whe

re d

ata

can

be le

ft on

a

perm

anen

t bas

is

Wha

t is

a co

mpu

ter?

(C

ont’d

)

Page 10: Introduction to Computer Systems

10

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Com

pute

r o

utp

ut

is th

e re

sults

pro

duce

d b

y th

e

com

pute

r

Rep

orts

Doc

umen

ts

Mus

ic

Gra

phs

Pic

ture

s

Wha

t is

a co

mpu

ter?

(C

ont’d

)

Page 11: Introduction to Computer Systems

11

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A p

erip

her

al d

evic

e de

sign

ates

equ

ipm

ent

that

mig

ht b

e

adde

d to

a c

ompu

ter

syst

em to

enh

ance

its

fun

ctio

nalit

y

Wha

t is

a pe

riphe

ral d

evi

ce?

Page 12: Introduction to Computer Systems

12

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

a co

mpu

ter?

(C

ont’d

)

Page 13: Introduction to Computer Systems

13

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Evo

lutio

n of

Com

pute

r

Intr

oduc

tion:

Thi

s T

opic

giv

es a

n ov

erv

iew

on

com

put

er e

volu

tion

and

and

its h

isto

ry.

Obj

ectiv

e:

Afte

r co

mpl

etin

g th

is T

opi

c, y

ou w

ill b

e ab

le to

und

erst

and,

1. T

ypes

of C

ompu

ter

2. H

isto

ry o

f Com

pute

r

Page 14: Introduction to Computer Systems

14

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Bef

ore:

Com

pute

rs a

re c

ateg

oriz

ed in

to th

ree

mai

n ca

tego

ries

from

leas

t

to m

ost p

ower

ful:

mic

roco

mp

ute

rs

min

ico

mp

ute

rs

mai

nfr

ame

com

pu

ters

Su

per

com

pu

ter

Tod

ay:

A c

ompu

ter

is c

ateg

oriz

ed b

ased

on

its te

chno

logy

, fun

ctio

n, s

ize,

perf

orm

ance

, and

cos

t

Typ

es o

f Com

pute

r

Page 15: Introduction to Computer Systems

15

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Tod

ay’s

Com

pute

r C

ateg

orie

s

Per

sona

l com

pute

rs

Han

dhel

d co

mpu

ters

Wor

ksta

tions

Vid

eoga

me

Con

sole

s

Mai

nfra

mes

Sup

erco

mpu

ters

Ser

vers

Com

pute

r C

ateg

orie

s

Page 16: Introduction to Computer Systems

16

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A p

erso

nal c

ompu

ter

is a

type

of m

icro

com

pute

r de

sign

ed

to m

eet t

he c

ompu

ting

need

s of

an

indi

vidu

al

Des

ktop

com

pute

rs

Not

eboo

k co

mpu

ters

Wha

t is

a P

erso

nal C

ompu

ter?

Page 17: Introduction to Computer Systems

17

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

a ta

blet

com

pute

r?

A t

able

t co

mp

ute

r is

a p

orta

ble

com

putin

g d

evic

e

feat

urin

g a

touc

h-se

nsiti

ve s

cree

n th

at c

an b

e u

sed

as a

writ

ing

or d

raw

ing

pad

Page 18: Introduction to Computer Systems

18

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A h

and

hel

d c

om

pu

ter

is o

ne th

at is

des

igne

d to

fit i

nto

a

pock

et, r

un o

n ba

tterie

s, a

nd b

e us

ed w

hile

you

are

hol

ding

it

Als

o ca

lled

a P

DA

(P

erso

nal D

igita

l Ass

ista

nt)

Sen

d an

d re

ceiv

e e-

ma

il

Use

map

s an

d gl

obal

pos

ition

ing

Mai

ntai

n ex

pens

e ac

coun

t, co

ntac

ts, t

o-do

list

s, m

emos

, etc

.

Mak

e vo

ice

calls

usi

ng c

ellu

lar

serv

ice

Wha

t is

a ha

ndhe

ld?

Page 19: Introduction to Computer Systems

19

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

a ha

ndhe

ld?

Page 20: Introduction to Computer Systems

20

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Pow

erfu

l des

ktop

mod

els

des

igne

d fo

r sp

ecia

lized

task

s

is a

hig

h-en

d m

icro

com

pute

r de

sign

ed fo

r te

chni

cal

appl

icat

ions

Wor

ksta

tions

nec

essa

rily

offe

r hi

gher

per

form

anc

e th

an is

norm

ally

see

n on

a c

onte

mpo

rary

per

sona

l com

pute

r,

espe

cial

ly w

ith r

espe

ct to

gra

phic

s, p

roce

ssin

g po

wer

,

mem

ory

capa

city

and

mul

titas

king

abi

lity.

Wor

ksta

tions

are

ofte

n o

ptim

ized

for

disp

layi

ng

and

man

ipul

atin

g co

mpl

ex d

ata

such

as

3D m

echa

nic

al d

esig

n,

engi

neer

ing

sim

ulat

ion

,ani

mat

ion

of im

ages

and

mat

hem

atic

al p

lots

.

Wha

t typ

es o

f com

pute

rs c

an b

e cl

assi

fied

as w

orks

tatio

ns?

Page 21: Introduction to Computer Systems

21

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A v

ideo

gam

e sy

stem

(i.

e. S

on

y’s

Pla

ysta

tio

n)

is a

com

pute

r, b

ut

typi

cally

it

has

not

bee

n co

nsid

ered

a c

ompu

ter

cate

gory

bec

ause

of it

s hi

stor

y as

a d

edic

ated

gam

e de

vice

tha

t co

nnec

ts t

o a

TV

set

and

prov

ides

onl

y a

pair

of jo

ystic

ks fo

r in

put

Tod

ay’s

vi

deog

ame

syst

ems

cont

ain

mic

ropr

oces

sors

th

at

are

equi

vale

nt t

o th

ose

fou

nd i

n a

fast

per

sona

l co

mpu

ter,

as

they

are

equi

pped

to

pr

oduc

e gr

aphi

cs

that

riv

al

tho

se

on

soph

istic

ated

wor

ksta

tions

Is a

Pla

ySta

tion

a co

mp

uter

?

Page 22: Introduction to Computer Systems

22

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A m

ain

fram

e co

mpu

ter

is a

larg

e an

d e

xpen

sive

com

pute

r

that

is c

apab

le o

f pro

cess

ing

data

sim

ulta

neou

sly

to m

any

user

s

Use

d by

gov

ernm

ents

and

larg

e co

rpor

atio

ns t

o pr

ovid

e

cent

raliz

ed s

tora

ge a

nd p

roce

ssin

g

Wha

t is

so s

peci

al a

bout

a m

ainf

ram

e co

mpu

ter?

Page 23: Introduction to Computer Systems

23

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A s

up

erco

mp

ute

r is

one

of t

he fa

stes

t co

mpu

ters

in th

e

wor

ld Bre

akin

g co

des

Mod

elin

g w

eath

er s

yste

ms

Sim

ulat

ing

nucl

ear

exp

losi

ons

How

pow

erfu

l is

a su

perc

ompu

ter?

Page 24: Introduction to Computer Systems

24

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A s

erve

r se

rves

the

com

pute

rs o

n a

netw

ork

by s

uppl

yin

g

them

with

dat

a

A c

lien

t re

ceiv

es d

ata

from

a s

erv

er

Any

com

pute

r ca

n be

a s

erve

r or

a c

lient

Hig

h pe

rfor

man

ce s

erve

rs a

re n

eede

d w

hen

ther

e is

a

need

for

lots

of u

sers

and

rap

id r

espo

nse

Wha

t mak

es a

com

pute

r a

serv

er?

Page 25: Introduction to Computer Systems

25

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A p

erso

nal

co

mp

ute

r sy

stem

con

sist

s of

the

follo

win

g:

Sys

tem

un

it

Dis

pla

y d

evic

e

Key

bo

ard

Mo

use

Flo

pp

y d

isk

dri

ve

Har

d d

isk

dri

ve

CD

an

d D

VD

dri

ves

So

un

d c

ard

an

d s

pea

kers

Mo

dem

Pri

nte

r

Wha

t’s a

per

sona

l com

pute

r sy

stem

?

Page 26: Introduction to Computer Systems

26

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Page 27: Introduction to Computer Systems

27

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Key

boa

rdM

ouse

– p

oin

tin

g d

evic

e

Mic

rop

hon

e –

spee

ch-r

ecog

nit

ion

Dig

ital

Cam

eras

Inpu

t Dev

ices

Page 28: Introduction to Computer Systems

28

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mon

itor

Pri

nte

r

Sp

eak

ers

Out

put D

evic

es

Page 29: Introduction to Computer Systems

29

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Har

d D

rive

Flo

pp

y D

isk

Dri

ve

Zip

D

rive

CD

/DV

D

Dri

ve

Jaz

Dri

ve

Tap

e D

rive

Mic

ro D

rive

Sto

rage

Dev

ices

Page 30: Introduction to Computer Systems

30

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

�Th

e F

irst

Gen

erat

ion

(19

45-5

5):

Vac

uu

m T

ub

es

�T

he

Sec

on

d G

ener

atio

n (

1955

-65)

: T

ran

sis

tors

�T

he

Th

ird

Gen

erat

ion

(19

65-7

5):

Inte

gra

ted

Cir

cuit

s

�T

he

Fo

urt

h G

ener

atio

n (

1975

- )

: V

LS

Is

�B

eyo

nd

th

e F

ou

rth

Ge

ner

atio

n

His

tory

of C

ompu

ters

?

Page 31: Introduction to Computer Systems

31

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Firs

t Gen

erat

ion

Vac

uum

Tub

e T

echn

olog

y fo

r pe

rfor

min

g ba

sic

proc

essi

ng

Punc

hed

card

s fo

r in

put

and

outp

ut

Slow

inpu

t, p

roce

ssin

g an

d ou

tput

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Page 32: Introduction to Computer Systems

32

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Firs

t Gen

erat

ion

Mac

hin

e la

ng

uag

e pr

ogra

ms

wer

e m

ade

up

of in

stru

ctio

ns w

ritte

n

in b

inar

y co

de.

Thi

s is

the

“nat

ive”

lang

uage

of t

he c

ompu

ter.

Har

dw

are

dep

end

ent:

Cou

ld b

e pe

rfor

med

by

only

one

type

of

com

pute

r w

ith a

par

ticu

lar

CP

U.

Mac

hine

lang

uage

: R

equ

ired

expe

rts

to p

rogr

am p

rogr

am

Low

-leve

l sym

bolic

lang

uage

s fo

r pr

ogra

mm

ing

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Page 33: Introduction to Computer Systems

33

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Sec

ond

Gen

erat

ion

Tra

nsis

tor

repl

aced

vac

uum

tube

s

Mag

netic

cor

e m

emor

ies

and

mag

netic

sto

rage

dev

ices

wer

e

mor

e w

idel

y us

ed

Sep

arat

e I/O

pro

cess

ors

wer

e de

velo

ped

alon

g w

ith C

PU

IBM

bec

ame

maj

or m

anu

fact

urer

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Page 34: Introduction to Computer Systems

34

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Sec

ond

Gen

erat

ion

Ass

emb

ly la

ng

uag

e pr

ogra

ms

are

mad

e up

of i

nstr

uctio

ns

writ

ten

in m

nem

onic

s.

– M

nem

on

ics:

Use

s co

nven

ient

alp

hab

etic

abb

revi

atio

ns

to r

epre

sent

ope

ratio

n co

des,

and

abs

trac

t sym

bols

to

repr

esen

t ope

rand

s.

– H

ardw

are

depe

nden

t.

– A

ssem

bler

s tr

ansl

ate

“Eng

lish-

like”

inst

ruct

ions

into

mac

hine

co

de

– S

till d

epen

dent

on

mic

ropr

oces

sor(

CP

U)

arch

itect

ure

and

thus

on

the

hard

war

e le

vel (

no

t p

ort

able

)

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

REA

D

num

1R

EA

D

num

2LO

AD

num

1A

DD

num

2ST

OR

E

sum

PRIN

T

sum

STO

P

Page 35: Introduction to Computer Systems

35

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Thi

rd G

ener

atio

n

Man

y tr

ansi

stor

s on

a s

ingl

e ch

ip (

IC)

enab

led

low

er c

ost ,

fast

er

proc

esso

rs a

nd m

emor

y el

emen

ts

IC m

emor

ies

repl

aced

mag

netic

cor

e m

emor

ies

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Page 36: Introduction to Computer Systems

36

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Thi

rd G

ener

atio

n

Inst

ruct

ions

in th

ese

lan

gua

ges

are

calle

d st

ate

men

ts.

Hig

h-l

evel

lan

gu

ages

: Use

sta

tem

ents

that

res

embl

e E

nglis

h ph

rase

s

com

bine

d w

ith m

athe

mat

ical

term

s ne

eded

to e

xpre

ss th

e pr

oble

m o

r

task

bei

ng p

rogr

amm

ed.

Tra

nspo

rtab

le: N

OT

-Ha

rdw

are

depe

nden

t.

Abs

trac

t aw

ay C

PU

op

erat

ions

(po

rtab

le)

Impr

oved

rea

dab

ility

/ u

nd

erst

and

ing

, and

com

fort

of

deve

lopm

ent e

nviro

nmen

ts

Tra

nsla

tor

prog

ram

s ca

lled

com

pile

rs c

onve

rt H

LL (

C, C

++

, Jav

a,

Vis

ual B

asic

)

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Page 37: Introduction to Computer Systems

37

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Fou

rth

Gen

erat

ion

Stil

l adv

ance

men

t in

IC te

chno

logy

(V

LSI)

that

is V

ery

Larg

e S

cale

Inte

grat

ion

Mic

ropr

oces

sor

conc

ept -

Inte

l wer

e th

e m

ajor

com

pani

es

Par

alle

lism

, Pip

elin

ing

, Cac

he e

volv

ed to

pro

duc

e hi

gh p

erfo

rman

ce

Com

putin

g sy

stem

s of

tod

ay

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Page 38: Introduction to Computer Systems

38

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Fou

rth

Gen

erat

ion

: “P

robl

em-o

rient

ed”

lan

guag

es

No

n-P

roce

du

ral L

ang

uag

es :A c

ompu

ter

lang

uage

tha

t do

es

not

requ

ire

writing

tra

dition

al p

rogr

amm

ing

logi

c.

Pro

gram

min

g la

ngua

ge fo

r “n

on-p

rogr

amm

ers”

Ver

y H

igh

Leve

l (V

HL)

lang

uage

s fo

r sp

ecifi

c p

robl

em d

omai

ns

Man

y ar

e as

soci

ated

with

spe

cific

app

licat

ion

pack

ages

.

– Q

uery

Lan

guag

es:

– R

epor

t Writ

ers:

– A

pplic

atio

n G

ener

ator

s:

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Page 39: Introduction to Computer Systems

39

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Fou

rth

Gen

erat

ion

Qu

ery

Lan

gu

ages

:

Ena

bles

a p

erso

n to

sp

ecify

exa

ctly

wha

t inf

orm

atio

n th

ey r

equi

re fr

om

the

data

base

.

Usu

ally

em

bedd

ed w

ithin

dat

abas

e m

anag

eme

nt p

rogr

ams.

Rep

ort

Wri

ters

:

Tak

es in

form

atio

n re

trie

ved

from

dat

abas

es a

nd

form

ats

into

attr

activ

e,

usab

le o

utpu

t.

Ap

plic

atio

n G

ener

ato

rs:

A p

erso

n ca

n sp

ecify

a p

robl

em, a

nd d

escr

ibe

the

desi

red

resu

lts.

Incl

uded

with

man

y m

icro

-com

pute

r pr

ogra

ms

(mac

ros)

.

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Page 40: Introduction to Computer Systems

40

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

His

tory

of C

ompu

ter

Fift

h G

ener

atio

n

– N

ew u

ser

inte

rfac

es (

voic

e ac

tivat

ion,

etc

.)

– N

ew c

ompu

tatio

nal p

arad

igm

(pa

ralle

l pro

cess

ing,

neu

ral n

etw

ork,

artif

icia

l int

ellig

ence

, op

tical

pro

cess

ing,

giga

bit

netw

orks

, etc

.)

– N

atu

ral-

Lan

gu

age

Pro

cess

ing

: Lan

guag

es th

at u

se o

rdin

ary

conv

ersa

tion

in o

ne’s

ow

n la

ngua

ge.

– In

telli

gent

com

pile

rs a

re n

ow b

eing

dev

elop

ed to

tran

slat

e

natu

ral l

angu

age

(spo

ken)

pro

gram

s in

to s

truc

ture

d

mac

hine

-cod

ed in

stru

ctio

ns th

at c

an b

e ex

ecu

ted

by

com

pute

rs.

Page 41: Introduction to Computer Systems

41

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Str

uct

ure

of

Co

mp

ute

r S

yste

m

Page 42: Introduction to Computer Systems

42

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wh

at a

re t

he

mai

n h

igh

leve

l co

mp

on

ents

in a

co

mp

ute

r?

�C

entr

al P

roce

ssin

g U

nit

(C

PU

)

�In

terc

on

nec

tio

ns

(Bu

s)

�M

ain

Mem

ory

(M

M)

�In

pu

t/O

utp

ut

devi

ces

CPU

M

D1

ICN

DK

D2

……

..

Cen

tral

Pr

oces

sing

Uni

tM

ain

Mem

ory

Syst

em B

us

(Inte

r C

onne

cted

N

etw

ork)

IO

Dev

ices

Bas

ic C

ompu

ter S

truc

ture

Page 43: Introduction to Computer Systems

43

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Bus A

set

of

para

llel c

ondu

ctor

s, w

hich

allo

w d

evic

es a

ttach

ed

to it

to c

omm

unic

ate

with

the

CP

U.

Par

alle

l wire

s th

at c

arry

sev

eral

bits

at a

tim

e

Car

ries

inst

ruct

ions

, da

ta, a

ddre

sses

or

com

man

ds

Uni

dire

ctio

nal o

r bi

-dire

ctio

nal

Page 44: Introduction to Computer Systems

44

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Bus

Typ

es�

Co

ntr

ol l

ines

The

se a

llow

the

CP

U to

con

trol

whi

ch o

pera

tions

the

devi

ces

atta

ched

sho

uld

perf

orm

, rea

d or

writ

e

Ad

dre

ss li

nes

(U

ni-

Dir

ecti

on

al)

Allo

ws

the

CP

U to

ref

ere

nce

cert

ain

(Mem

ory)

loca

tions

with

in th

e

devi

ce

Dat

a lin

es (

Bi-

Dir

ecti

on

al)

The

mea

ning

ful d

ata

whi

ch is

to b

e se

nt o

r re

trie

ved

from

a d

evic

e

is p

lace

d on

to th

ese

lines

Page 45: Introduction to Computer Systems

45

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Arc

hit

ectu

re o

f a

sim

ple

co

mp

ute

r

Page 46: Introduction to Computer Systems

46

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Str

uctu

re o

f Com

pute

r S

yste

m

Page 47: Introduction to Computer Systems

47

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Co

mp

on

ents

in a

Co

mp

ute

r

Page 48: Introduction to Computer Systems

48

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Page 49: Introduction to Computer Systems

49

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

CP

U (

Pro

cess

or)

Wha

t is

it?

Bra

in o

f th

e co

mpu

ter

Page 50: Introduction to Computer Systems

50

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Con

trol

Arit

hmet

ic lo

gic

Uni

t (A

LU)

Reg

iste

r set

Com

pone

nts

of th

e C

PU

Page 51: Introduction to Computer Systems

51

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Com

pone

nts

of th

e C

PU

Co

ntr

ol u

nit

– C

oord

inat

es a

nd c

ontr

ols

all p

arts

of t

he

com

pute

r sy

stem

.

Ari

thm

etic

-lo

gic

un

it –

Per

form

s ar

ithm

etic

or

logi

cal

oper

atio

ns.

Reg

iste

rs –

Tem

pora

rily

stor

e th

e c

urre

ntly

use

d

inst

ruct

ions

and

dat

a.

Page 52: Introduction to Computer Systems

52

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Co

ntr

ol U

nit

AL

U

Reg

iste

rs

CP

U�

Fet

ches

Inst

ruct

ion

s fr

om

mem

ory

�In

terp

rets

th

e in

stru

cti

on

s

�P

erfo

rms

arit

hm

etic

op

erat

ion

s

�P

erfo

rms

Lo

gic

al o

pe

rati

on

s

�V

ery

hig

h s

pee

d m

emo

ry u

nit

s in

th

e C

PU

- fo

r st

ori

ng

ver

y sm

all

amo

un

t o

f d

ata.

CP

U –

Fu

nct

ion

al U

nit

s

Page 53: Introduction to Computer Systems

53

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t Fun

ctio

n pe

rfor

m b

y C

PU

?

Fet

ch i

nstr

uctio

ns fr

om m

emor

y

Exa

min

e (D

ecod

e)

Exe

cute

Page 54: Introduction to Computer Systems

54

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Exe

cuti

on

of

the

Inst

ruct

ion

s( F

etch

-dec

ode-

exec

ute

cycl

e )

The

exe

cutio

n pr

oces

s of

the

inst

ruct

ion

stor

ed

in th

e

mem

ory

happ

ens

in th

ree

phas

es.

�F

etch

Ph

ase-

The

inst

ruct

ions

ret

rieve

d fr

om th

e

mem

ory.

�D

eco

de

Ph

ase:

Ret

rieve

d in

stru

ctio

ns a

re d

ecod

ed

by th

e C

U.

�E

xecu

te P

has

e: D

ecod

ed in

stru

ctio

ns a

re

exec

uted

by

the

ALU

.

Page 55: Introduction to Computer Systems

55

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Inte

lA

dva

nce

d

Mic

ro D

evic

es

(AM

D)

Cyr

ixM

oto

rola

(A

pp

le)

Pen

tiu

m IV

Pen

tiu

m M

MX

Pen

tiu

m I

II

Po

pu

lar

CP

Us

Page 56: Introduction to Computer Systems

56

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

CP

U (

Con

td.)

Inte

l Pro

cess

ors

8085

8086

8028

6

8038

6

8048

6

Pen

tium

I

Pen

tium

II

Pen

tium

III

Pen

tium

IV

Mot

orol

a P

roce

ssor

s

6800

0

6802

0

6803

0

Exa

mpl

es

Page 57: Introduction to Computer Systems

57

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ho

w t

o M

easu

res

spe

ed o

f P

roce

sso

r ?

Page 58: Introduction to Computer Systems

58

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mea

sure

s o

f C

PU

per

form

ance

Mill

ion

of In

stru

ctio

ns P

er S

econ

d (M

IPS

) -

is a

mea

sure

of t

he s

peed

of t

he p

roce

ssor

.

Clo

ck s

peed

– is

ano

ther

met

ric u

sed

to m

easu

re

perf

orm

ance

.

Flo

atin

g P

oint

Ope

ratio

ns P

er S

econ

d (F

LOP

S)

-

is a

mea

sure

of t

he s

peed

of t

he F

loat

ing

Poi

nt U

nit (

FP

U)

whi

ch is

a c

o-pr

oces

sor

unit.

Page 59: Introduction to Computer Systems

59

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

it?

�P

lace

to s

tore

pro

gram

s an

d da

ta

Idea

lly, t

he M

emor

y w

oul

d be

Fas

t, La

rge,

& In

expe

nsiv

e

The

max

imum

siz

e of

mem

ory

depe

nds

on A

ddre

ssin

g S

chem

e

16-b

it co

mpu

ter

gene

rate

s 16

bit

addr

esse

s an

d is

cap

able

of

addr

essi

ng u

p to

2 16

= 6

4 K

mem

ory

loca

tion

s

Num

ber

of lo

catio

ns =

Add

ress

spa

ce

The

Mem

ory

Page 60: Introduction to Computer Systems

60

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mem

ory

Typ

e of

Mem

ory

Inte

rnal

Mem

ory

Prim

ary

Mem

ory

Sec

onda

ry M

emor

y

Page 61: Introduction to Computer Systems

61

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mem

ory

ME

MO

RY

Reg

iste

rsM

ain

Mem

ory

Cac

he

Mem

ory

Sec

on

dar

y

Mem

ory

RA

MR

OM

Inte

rnal

Cac

he

Ext

ern

al

Cac

he

Page 62: Introduction to Computer Systems

62

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Inte

rnal

mem

ory

Impl

emen

ted

in v

ery

high

-spe

ed d

evic

es lo

cate

d w

ithin

CP

U

Hol

ds c

urre

ntly

exe

cutio

n in

stru

ctio

ns a

nd fe

w d

ata

rela

ted

item

s

Vol

atile

Mem

ory

Exa

mpl

es

Reg

iste

rs

Cac

he

Page 63: Introduction to Computer Systems

63

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Dif

fere

nt

typ

es o

f re

gis

ters

Gen

eral

Pur

pose

Reg

iste

rs

are

thos

e w

hich

are

use

d by

the

prog

ram

mer

to s

tore

dat

a an

d

Add

ress

.

All

CP

Us

will

hav

e on

e r

egis

ter

calle

d A

ccum

ula

tor(

Spe

cial

Pur

pose

Reg

iste

rs).

Con

trol

Reg

iste

rs

The

spe

cial

pur

pose

re

gist

ers

are

used

by

the

CP

U fo

r pr

ogra

ms

cont

rol a

nd o

ther

pur

pose

s.

Ex.

: IR ,

PC

, Fla

gs R

egis

ters

Page 64: Introduction to Computer Systems

64

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Reg

iste

rs

Pro

gra

m C

ou

nte

r (P

C)

hold

s th

e ad

dres

s of

the

next

inst

ruct

ion

to b

e e

xecu

ted

Inst

ruct

ion

Reg

iste

r (I

R)

hold

s th

e in

stru

ctio

n th

at i

s cu

rren

tly b

eing

exe

cute

d.

Mem

ory

Ad

dre

ss R

egis

ter

(MA

R)

hold

s th

e ad

dres

s of

the

next

mem

ory

loca

tion

to b

e us

ed fo

r th

e

data

and

inst

ruct

ion

Mem

ory

Bu

ffer

Reg

iste

r (M

BR

)

hold

s th

e cu

rren

tly w

ritte

n an

d re

ad d

ata.

Acc

um

ula

tor

(A

)

is a

gen

eral

pur

pose

re

gist

er u

sed

for

arith

met

ic a

nd lo

gica

l

oper

atio

ns.

Page 65: Introduction to Computer Systems

65

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Reg

iste

rs, C

PU

an

d t

he

mem

ory

Mai

n M

emor

y

Con

trol

Uni

t(G

ener

ates

the

sign

als)

Pro

gram

Cou

nter

Inst

ruct

ion

Reg

iste

r

MA

R

M B

R

Spe

cial

and

con

trol

R

egis

ters

Arit

hmet

ican

d Lo

gic

Uni

t

CP

U

Gen

eral

Pur

pose

regi

ster

sF

lags

Reg

iste

r

Page 66: Introduction to Computer Systems

66

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Fet

ch-d

ecod

e-ex

ecut

e cy

cle

mem

ory

ad

dre

ss

regis

ter

(MA

R)

me

mo

ryb

uff

er

reg

iste

r(M

BR

)

mem

ory

unit

instr

uctio

n r

eg

iste

r (I

R)

instr

uction d

ecoder

cir

cuits f

or

genera

ting

co

ntr

ol sig

nals

clo

ck

prp

gra

m c

oun

ter

(PC

)

A

B

D

E

R

co

ntr

ol u

nit

B

loc

k d

iag

ram

wit

h e

ss

en

tia

l in

terc

on

ne

cti

on

s

PC

co

nta

ins a

dd

ress o

f ne

xt

instr

uctio

nto

be e

xecute

d w

hic

h is m

oved to M

AR

Page 67: Introduction to Computer Systems

67

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Fet

ch p

hase

Con

tent

s of

PC

are

tran

sfer

red

to M

AR

Mai

n m

emor

y is

acc

esse

d an

d cu

rren

t ins

truc

tion

is

fetc

hed

into

MB

R (

Sin

ce M

BR

hav

e to

sto

re th

e da

ta)

Inst

ruct

ion

is tr

ansf

erre

d fr

om M

BR

to IR

(Sin

ce M

BR

hav

e

to s

tore

the

data

)

Page 68: Introduction to Computer Systems

68

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Dec

ode

phas

e

Opc

ode

of th

e in

stru

ctio

n is

dec

oded

Con

tent

s of

PC

are

incr

emen

ted

by

1(in

cas

e o

f 1 b

yte

inst

ruct

ion

or e

qual

to t

he n

o. o

f byt

es o

f the

inst

ruct

ion

curr

ently

bei

ng e

xecu

ted.

)

Exe

cutio

n ph

ase

follo

ws

( sp

ecifi

c to

the

give

n in

stru

ctio

n )

Page 69: Introduction to Computer Systems

69

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Exe

cute

pha

se

Exe

cute

the

inst

ruct

ion

Sto

re th

e re

sults

in th

e m

emor

y or

reg

iste

r (g

o to

the

fetc

h

phas

e to

beg

in e

xecu

ting

the

next

inst

ruct

ion)

Page 70: Introduction to Computer Systems

70

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mem

ory

- P

rimar

y or

mai

n M

emor

y

Rea

d O

nly

Mem

ory

Ran

dom

Acc

ess

Mem

ory

Mai

n M

emo

ry

Page 71: Introduction to Computer Systems

71

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Prim

ary

mem

ory

Impl

emen

ted

in h

igh

spee

d de

vice

s lo

cate

d ou

tsid

e C

PU

Cos

tly a

nd v

olat

ile

Hol

ds p

rogr

am c

onte

nts

curr

ently

bei

ng e

xecu

ted

& s

mal

l

amou

nt o

f dat

a

Exa

mpl

e

RO

M

RA

M

Page 72: Introduction to Computer Systems

72

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

RO

M (

Rea

d O

nly

Mem

ory)

Con

tent

s ca

n no

t be

chan

ged

onlin

e –

if th

ey c

an b

e al

tere

d

at a

ll

Wid

ely

used

to s

tore

co

ntro

l pro

gram

s

Wel

l sui

ted

for

stor

ing

fixed

pro

gram

s an

d da

ta

Page 73: Introduction to Computer Systems

73

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Prim

ary

Mem

ory

RO

M (

Rea

d O

nly

Mem

ory)

MR

OM

PR

OM

EP

RO

M

EE

PR

OM

Page 74: Introduction to Computer Systems

74

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Pro

gram

mab

le R

OM

(PR

OM

)

Use

r ca

n lo

ad d

ata

into

PR

OM

PR

OM

s ar

e m

ore

flexi

ble

& c

onve

nien

t

PR

OM

s ar

e le

ss e

xpen

sive

and

fas

t

Era

sabl

e P

rogr

amm

able

RO

M (

EP

RO

M)

Her

e da

ta c

an b

e er

ase

d an

d ne

w d

ata

can

be lo

aded

EP

RO

Ms

are

capa

ble

of s

torin

g in

form

atio

n fo

r lo

nger

tim

e

Whi

le u

sing

EP

RO

Ms,

mem

ory

chan

ges

and

upd

ates

can

be

easi

ly

mad

e

Dra

wba

ck -

For

rep

rog

ram

min

g an

d er

asin

g th

e co

nten

ts o

f EP

RO

M

chip

it s

houl

d be

phy

sica

lly r

emov

ed

Page 75: Introduction to Computer Systems

75

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ele

ctric

ally

Era

sabl

e P

rogr

amm

able

RO

M (

EE

PR

OM

)

The

se R

OM

s ca

n be

ele

ctric

ally

era

sed

and

pro

gram

med

The

se c

hips

nee

d no

t hav

e to

be

rem

oved

for

Era

sure

The

spe

cific

cel

ls o

f EE

PR

OM

can

als

o be

era

sed

Dra

wba

ck -

Diff

eren

t vo

ltage

is n

eede

d fo

r R

EA

D, W

RIT

E, E

RA

SE

Page 76: Introduction to Computer Systems

76

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

RA

M (

Ran

dom

Acc

ess

Mem

ory)

RA

M is

now

use

d to

de

sign

ate

read

/writ

e m

emor

y (R

OM

is a

lso

rand

om

acce

ss)

If an

y m

emor

y lo

catio

n c

an b

e ac

cess

ed fo

r R

EA

D o

r W

RIT

E o

pera

tion

in s

ome

fixed

am

ount

of t

ime

that

is in

depe

nde

nt o

f loc

atio

n’s

addr

ess

then

that

mem

ory

unit

is R

AM

Mai

n m

emor

y is

mos

tly o

f thi

s ty

pe

Sem

icon

duct

or M

emor

ies

are

avai

labl

e in

a w

ide

rang

e of

spe

eds

Page 77: Introduction to Computer Systems

77

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Sta

tic M

emor

ies

Mem

orie

s th

at a

re c

apa

ble

of r

etai

nin

g th

eir

sta

te a

s lo

ng a

s po

wer

is

appl

ied

are

know

n a

s S

tatic

Mem

orie

s

Con

tinuo

us p

ower

is n

eed

ed fo

r re

tain

ing

stat

e o

f cel

l

SR

AM

is v

olat

ile m

emo

ry

SR

AM

con

sum

es v

ery

less

pow

er a

s th

e cu

rre

nt fl

ows

only

whe

n ce

ll is

acce

ssed

SR

AM

s ca

n be

acc

esse

d ve

ry q

uick

ly

Acc

ess

time

is a

roun

d 10

ns

Page 78: Introduction to Computer Systems

78

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Dyn

amic

Mem

orie

s

Sta

tic R

AM

is v

ery

fast

but

ver

y co

stly

as

thei

r ce

ll re

quire

sev

eral

tra

nsis

tors

DR

AM

cel

ls a

re s

impl

e a

nd h

ence

less

exp

ensi

ve

The

sta

te o

f the

cel

l ca

n no

t be

reta

ined

per

man

ently

and

hen

ce c

alle

d

DR

AM

In D

RA

M, t

he in

form

atio

n is

sto

red

in th

e fo

rm o

f cha

rge

on c

apac

itor

DR

AM

is c

apab

le o

f sto

ring

info

rmat

ion

for

only

a fe

w m

illis

econ

ds

The

con

tent

s of

the

cell

shou

ld b

e re

tain

ed fo

r a

muc

h lo

nger

tim

e

Per

iodi

c re

fres

hmen

t by

rest

orin

g th

e ca

paci

tor

char

ge to

its

full

valu

e is

the

way

to o

verc

ome

abov

e pr

oble

m

Page 79: Introduction to Computer Systems

79

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Dyn

amic

Mem

orie

s

DR

AM

cel

l con

sist

s of

a c

apac

itor

and

a tr

ansi

stor

Info

rmat

ion

sto

red

in c

ell c

an b

e re

trie

ved

corr

ectly

onl

y if

it is

RE

AD

befo

re th

e ch

arge

on

capa

cito

r dr

ops

belo

w T

HR

ES

HO

LD V

ALU

E

DR

AM

are

wid

ely

used

in M

AIN

Mem

ory

beca

use

of it

s

Low

cos

t

Hig

h D

ensi

ty

Page 80: Introduction to Computer Systems

80

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Spe

ed, S

ize

& C

ost

Fas

t Mem

ory

can

be a

chie

ved

if S

RA

M c

hips

are

use

d, C

ache

Mem

ory

can

be b

uilt

with

SR

AM

tech

nolo

gy

SR

AM

chi

ps a

re C

ostly

as

thei

r ba

sic

cell

cons

ists

of 6

Tra

nsis

tors

The

bas

ic c

ells

of D

RA

M a

re s

imp

le a

nd le

ss e

xpen

sive

but

DR

AM

are

slow

er

Mai

n M

emor

y ca

n be

bui

lt w

ith D

RA

M te

chno

logy

Page 81: Introduction to Computer Systems

81

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Cha

ract

eris

tics

of M

emor

y S

yste

m

�L

oca

tio

n:

CP

U, I

nte

rnal

(m

ain

), E

xter

nal

(se

con

dar

y)

�C

apac

ity:

Wo

rd s

ize,

Nu

mb

er o

f w

ord

s

�U

nit

of

Xfe

r: W

ord

, Blo

ck

�A

cces

s M

eth

od

s: S

equ

enti

al, R

and

om

,Ass

oci

ativ

e

�P

erfo

rman

ce:

Acc

ess

tim

e, C

ycle

tim

e, X

fer

rate

�P

hys

ical

Typ

e: S

emic

on

du

cto

r, M

agn

etic

su

rfac

e

�P

hys

ical

Ch

ar:V

ola

tile

/no

n-v

ola

tile

,era

sab

le/n

on

eras

able

Page 82: Introduction to Computer Systems

82

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A m

emo

ry p

lace

d b

etw

een

CP

U a

nd

mai

n m

emo

ry

Co

nta

ins

a co

py

of

the

po

rtio

n o

f m

ain

mem

ory

Pro

cess

or

wh

en n

eed

s so

me

info

rmat

ion

fir

st c

hec

ks c

ach

e

If n

ot

fou

nd

in c

ach

e, t

he

blo

ck o

f m

emo

ry c

on

tain

ing

th

e n

eed

ed

info

rmat

ion

is m

ove

d t

o t

he

cach

e

Mem

ory

- C

ach

e M

emo

ry

CP

U

Cac

he

Mai

n M

emo

ry

Page 83: Introduction to Computer Systems

83

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Why

Cac

he?

Rep

eate

dly

exec

uted

inst

ruct

ions

and

freq

uent

ly a

cces

sed

data

are

sto

red

�Con

cept

: To

expl

oit t

he lo

calit

y of

ref

eren

ce

Page 84: Introduction to Computer Systems

84

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Virt

ual M

emor

y

In m

ost m

oder

n co

mpu

ter,

The

mai

n m

emor

y is

not

suf

ficie

nt to

acc

om

mod

ate

volu

min

ous

prog

ram

s a

nd d

ata

Whe

n pr

ogra

m is

not

get

ting

acco

mm

odat

ed c

ompl

etel

y in

Mai

n M

emor

y th

en

part

of t

he p

rogr

am w

hic

h is

not

und

er e

xecu

tion

is s

tore

d in

Sec

onda

ry s

tora

ge

devi

ces

Ope

ratin

g sy

stem

s m

oves

dat

a an

d pr

ogra

m b

etw

een

Mai

n M

emor

y &

Sec

onda

ry d

evic

e

Tec

hniq

ues

that

aut

omat

ical

ly m

ove

the

data

& p

rogr

ams

into

Mai

n M

emor

y ar

e

calle

d as

Virt

ual M

emo

ry te

chni

ques

The

bin

ary

addr

esse

s th

at th

e pr

oces

sor

issu

es

for

eith

er in

stru

ctio

ns o

r da

ta a

re

calle

d V

IRT

UA

L A

ddre

sses

The

se a

ddre

sses

are

con

vert

ed in

to a

ctua

l (ph

ysic

al)

addr

esse

s by

the

com

bina

tion

of h

ardw

are

& s

oftw

are

Page 85: Introduction to Computer Systems

85

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Cac

he M

emor

y vs

. Virt

ual M

emor

y

The

Cac

he b

ridge

s th

e s

peed

gap

bet

wee

n P

roce

ssor

& M

ain

Mem

ory

The

Cac

he is

impl

emen

ted

in H

ardw

are

Virt

ual M

emor

y br

idge

s th

e S

ize

gap

& S

peed

gap

bet

wee

n M

ain

Mem

ory

& S

econ

dary

Sto

rage

Dev

ices

Virt

ual M

emor

y co

ncep

ts a

re im

plem

ente

d by

Sof

twar

e T

echn

ique

s

Page 86: Introduction to Computer Systems

86

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mem

ory

Org

aniz

atio

n

Virt

ual m

emor

y O

rgan

izat

ion

Proc

esso

r

Cac

he

Mai

n M

emor

y

Dis

k St

orag

eMM

U

Virt

ual a

ddre

ss

Phys

ical

add

ress

Phys

ical

add

ress

Dat

a

Dat

a

Blo

ck tr

ansf

er

Page 87: Introduction to Computer Systems

87

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Sec

onda

ry m

emor

y

Low

spe

ed

Non

-vol

atile

Hol

ds p

rogr

am n

ot c

urre

ntly

bei

ng e

xecu

ted

Hol

ds la

rge

data

Page 88: Introduction to Computer Systems

88

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mem

ory

- S

eco

nd

ary

mem

ory

dev

ices

Typ

eD

escr

ipti

onR

ead

able

Wri

tabl

eT

ypic

al

siz

e

Har

d di

skPl

aced

alo

ng w

ith

the

com

pute

r U

sual

ly n

ot p

orta

ble.

Yes

Yes

160

GB

Flop

py

disk

Po

rtab

le.

Smal

ler

size

s co

mpa

red

to H

ard

Dis

k.

Yes

Yes

1.44

MB

CD

RO

M

Port

able

dev

ices

.Rea

d on

ly d

evic

esYe

sN

o65

0 M

B

CD

Rea

d/

Wri

te

•Sim

ilar

to C

D R

OM

s ex

cept

tha

t it

is

also

us

ed t

o w

rite

the

inf

orm

atio

n on

to

the

spec

ial CD

RO

M

•Rea

d W

rite

typ

e.

Yes

Yes

650

MB

Page 89: Introduction to Computer Systems

89

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Co

mp

aris

on

of

dif

fere

nt

typ

es o

f m

emo

ry

( sp

eed

, lo

cati

on

, co

st,

vo

lati

le/n

on

vola

tile

)

Stor

age

type

Imple

men

tati

on F

eatu

res

Con

tents

Exam

ple

Inte

rnal

Mem

ory

Ver

y hi

gh s

peed

dev

ices

, lo

cate

d w

ithi

n CPU

; Ex

pens

ive,

and

Vol

atile

. Ver

y co

stly

, he

nce

limit

ed

in s

ize.

Hol

ds

inst

ruct

ions

un

der

exec

utio

n an

d fe

w d

ata

rela

ted

item

s

Reg

iste

rs,

Inte

rnal

Cac

he m

emor

y

Prim

ary

Mem

ory

Hig

h sp

eed

devi

ces

(but

sl

ower

tha

n th

e in

tern

al

CPU

reg

iste

rs)

loca

ted

outs

ide

CPU

, Le

ss c

ostl

y co

mpa

red

to int

erna

l m

emor

y. U

sual

ly lar

ger

in

size

Enti

re(a

lmos

t)

prog

ram

co

nten

ts be

ing

exec

uted

; ho

lds

smal

l vo

lum

e of

da

ta

RAM

(vo

lati

le),

RO

M (

Non

vo

lati

le),

Ext

erna

l Cac

he M

emor

y

Seco

ndar

y M

emor

yLo

w s

peed

, N

on-v

olat

ile,

Low

cos

t.H

uge

in s

ize.

Prog

ram

s no

t cu

rren

tly

bein

g ex

ecut

ed;

hol

ds

larg

e vo

lum

e of

da

ta

Har

d D

isk,

Com

pact

D

isks

(CD

), F

lopp

y di

sks

Page 90: Introduction to Computer Systems

90

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mem

ory

Hie

rarc

hy

�Ove

rall

go

al :

to

ob

tain

th

e h

igh

est

po

ssib

le a

vera

ge

acce

ss s

pee

d w

hile

m

inim

izin

g t

he

tota

l co

st o

f th

e en

tire

mem

ory

sys

tem

•R

egis

ters

•C

ach

e

•M

ain

Mem

ory

•M

agn

etic

Dis

k (D

isk

Cac

he)

•Ch

arac

teri

stic

s o

f th

e h

iera

rch

y

•D

ecre

asin

g co

st /

bit

•In

crea

sing

cap

acity

•In

crea

sing

acc

ess

time

•D

ecre

asin

g fr

eque

ncy

of a

cce

ss o

f mem

ory

by C

PU

Page 91: Introduction to Computer Systems

91

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mem

ory

hier

arch

y

Page 92: Introduction to Computer Systems

92

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mem

ory

hier

arch

y in

a c

ompu

ter

syst

em

Mag

netic

ta

pes

Mag

net

ic

dis

ks

CPU

Cac

he

mem

ory

Mai

n m

emor

y

I/O

proc

esso

r

Reg

iste

rs

DM

A

Page 93: Introduction to Computer Systems

93

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Buf

fers

Why

Buf

fers

?

A m

emor

y ar

ea u

sed

to b

ridge

the

spee

d m

ism

atch

betw

een

the

CP

U a

nd I

/O d

evic

es

Wha

t dev

ices

hav

e bu

ffer

s?

Key

boar

d, P

rinte

rs

Page 94: Introduction to Computer Systems

94

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

A f

ile is

a n

amed

col

lect

ion

of d

ata

that

exi

sts

on a

sto

rage

med

ium

A d

ata

file

con

tain

s da

ta s

uch

as t

he te

xt fo

r a

docu

men

t

An

exec

uta

ble

file

con

tain

s th

e pr

ogra

ms

or in

stru

ctio

ns th

at te

ll

a co

mpu

ter

how

to p

erfo

rm a

spe

cific

task

A f

ilen

ame

exte

nsi

on

indi

cate

s a

file’

s co

nten

ts

EX

E

DO

C

Wha

t is

a fil

e?

Page 95: Introduction to Computer Systems

95

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

a P

rogr

am ?

�S

eque

nce

of s

tate

men

ts/in

stru

ctio

ns s

tatin

g h

ow to

perf

orm

a t

ask

Wha

t are

thes

e st

atem

ents

writ

ten

in ?

Pro

gram

min

g w

ays

Mac

hine

Lan

guag

e

Ass

embl

y La

ngua

ge

Hig

h Le

vel L

angu

age(

HLL

)

Page 96: Introduction to Computer Systems

96

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

a S

oftw

are

?

Set

of p

rogr

ams

to p

erfo

rm a

tas

k

Typ

e of

sof

twar

e ?

App

licat

ion

softw

are

Sys

tem

sof

twar

e

Page 97: Introduction to Computer Systems

97

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

App

licat

ion

softw

are

is a

set

of o

ne o

r m

ore

com

pute

r

prog

ram

s th

at h

elps

a p

erso

n to

car

ry o

ut a

task

Cre

ate,

edi

t, an

d pr

int d

ocum

ents

Man

age

mon

ey a

ccou

nts

Cre

ate

and

edit

hom

e m

ovie

s

Cre

ate

and

edit

grap

hics

App

licat

ion

softw

are

is t

ypic

ally

use

d by

peo

ple

Ex. B

anki

ng, P

ayro

ll et

c.

Wha

t is

appl

icat

ion

soft

war

e?

Page 98: Introduction to Computer Systems

98

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

App

licat

ion

Sof

twar

e

Tw

o ty

pes

of a

pplic

atio

n pr

ogra

ms:

Hor

izon

tal a

pplic

atio

ns

Ver

tical

app

licat

ions

Page 99: Introduction to Computer Systems

99

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Per

son

al P

rod

uct

ivit

y

Wo

rd P

roce

ssin

g

Sp

read

shee

ts

Ad

dre

ss B

oo

ks

Mu

ltim

edia

/Gra

ph

ics

Des

kto

p P

ub

lish

ing

Ph

oto

Ed

itin

g

3D R

end

erin

g

Inte

rnet

Web

Bro

wse

rs

E-M

ail Hom

e/E

du

cati

on

Per

son

al F

inan

ce

Tax

Pre

par

atio

n

Ref

eren

ce

Gam

es

Hor

izon

tal A

pplic

atio

ns

Ho

rizo

nta

l ap

plic

atio

ns

are

used

acr

oss

divi

sio

ns o

f a c

ompa

ny

and

are

popu

lar

with

co

nsum

ers.

Page 100: Introduction to Computer Systems

100

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ver

tical

App

licat

ions

: Tai

lor

Mad

e P

rogr

ams

Ver

tica

l ap

plic

atio

ns

are

used

for

spec

ializ

ed

field

s.

Typ

es o

f ver

tical

app

licat

ions

:

Bill

ing

prog

ram

s

Inve

ntor

y tr

acki

ng p

rog

ram

s

Poi

nt o

f Sal

e so

ftwar

e

Cus

tom

sof

twar

e

Page 101: Introduction to Computer Systems

101

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Sys

tem

sof

twar

e is

a s

et o

f one

or

mor

e co

mp

uter

prog

ram

s th

at h

elps

a s

yste

m to

car

ry o

ut a

task

Ex. C

ompi

lers

, Ass

embl

ers,

Loa

ders

, Lin

kers

,

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

m,

Uti

litie

s

Wha

t is

Sys

tem

sof

twa

re?

Page 102: Introduction to Computer Systems

102

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

oper

atin

g sy

ste

m?

A p

rogr

am w

hich

act

s a

s an

inte

rfac

e be

twee

n th

e us

er a

nd

the

com

pute

r an

d pr

ovid

es a

n en

viro

nmen

t in

whi

ch a

use

r

can

exec

ute

prog

ram

s

Page 103: Introduction to Computer Systems

103

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Wha

t is

oper

atin

g sy

ste

m?

The

thre

e di

ffere

nt p

ersp

ectiv

e of

the

oper

atin

g s

yste

m a

re

Use

r V

iew

: A

n in

terf

ace

betw

een

the

hard

war

e an

d th

e

user

Pro

gram

mer

Vie

w :

It is

a c

olle

ctio

n of

sys

tem

cal

ls

Sys

tem

’s V

iew

: C

olle

ctio

n of

sys

tem

pro

gram

s, w

hich

cont

rols

the

way

in w

hich

the

com

pute

r sy

stem

func

tions

. It

can

also

be

term

ed a

s a

reso

urce

man

ager

.

Page 104: Introduction to Computer Systems

104

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

m: F

unct

ions

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

m p

erfo

rms

two

maj

or fu

nctio

ns:

1. R

esou

rce

Man

ager

2. V

irtua

l Mac

hine

OS

as

Res

ourc

e M

ana

ger:

A c

ompu

ter

syst

em c

onsi

sts

of m

any

hard

war

e a

nd s

oftw

are

reso

urce

s. O

S a

cts

as a

man

ager

of t

hese

res

ourc

es a

mon

g

one

or m

any

user

s.

OS

as

Virt

ual M

achi

ne:

OS

pro

vide

s a

virt

ual i

mag

e of

the

com

putin

g sy

stem

to th

e

user

. Use

rs th

ink

that

Com

pute

r is

a m

achi

ne t

hat u

nder

stan

ds

Eng

lish

like

com

man

ds. B

ut a

ctua

l har

dwar

e o

nly

unde

rsta

nds

0s a

nd 1

s.

Page 105: Introduction to Computer Systems

105

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

The

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

m (

OS

): T

he C

ompu

ter’s

Tra

ffic

Cop

The

func

tions

of t

he o

per

atin

g sy

stem

are

:

Sta

rtin

g th

e co

mpu

ter

Man

agin

g pr

ogra

ms

Man

agin

g m

emor

y

Han

dlin

g m

essa

ges

fro

m in

put a

nd o

utpu

t dev

ices

Ena

blin

g us

er in

tera

ctio

n w

ith th

e co

mpu

ter

Page 106: Introduction to Computer Systems

106

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

R

ES

OU

RC

E

EX

AM

PLE

S

MA

NA

GE

RS

Mem

ory

Prim

ary,

Sec

onda

ry

Mem

ory

man

agem

ent

Proc

esso

rs

CPU

,I/O

pro

cess

ors

Proc

ess

man

agem

ent

Periph

eral

s Ta

pe,P

rint

er,T

erm

ina

l D

evic

e m

anag

emen

t

Info

rmat

ion

File

s,da

ta

File

man

agem

ent

Page 107: Introduction to Computer Systems

107

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

m O

bje

ctiv

e

Tw

o m

ain

Obj

ectiv

es o

f OS

�C

on

ven

ien

ce

�E

ffic

ien

cy

Page 108: Introduction to Computer Systems

108

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Sta

rtin

g th

e C

ompu

ter

Bo

oti

ng

– T

he p

roce

ss o

f loa

din

g or

rel

oadi

ng th

e

oper

atin

g sy

stem

into

the

com

pute

r’s m

emor

y.

The

boo

ting

proc

esse

s ar

e:

Co

ld b

oo

t –

Load

s th

e O

S w

hen

the

pow

er is

turn

ed o

n.

War

m b

oo

t –

Rel

oads

the

OS

whe

n th

e co

mpu

ter

is a

lrea

dy o

n.

Page 109: Introduction to Computer Systems

109

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Sta

rtin

g th

e C

ompu

ter

The

ste

p-by

-ste

p bo

otin

g pr

oces

s:

I. T

he B

IOS

(ba

sic

inpu

t/out

put s

yste

m)

and

setu

p pr

ogra

m

II.

The

pow

er-o

n-se

lf-te

st (

PO

ST

)

III.

The

ope

ratin

g sy

stem

load

s

IV.

Sys

tem

con

figur

atio

n

V.

Sys

tem

util

ities

load

s

VI.

Use

rs A

uthe

ntic

ate

d

Page 110: Introduction to Computer Systems

110

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ste

p 1:

The

BIO

S a

nd S

etup

Pro

gram

RO

M (

read

onl

y m

emor

y) –

Per

man

ent a

nd u

ncha

ngin

g m

emor

y

BIO

S (

basi

c in

put/o

utpu

t sys

tem

) –

The

par

t of t

he s

yste

m s

oftw

are

that

incl

udes

the

inst

ruct

ions

that

the

com

pute

r us

es to

acc

ept i

nput

and

outp

ut

RO

M lo

ads

BIO

S in

to t

he c

ompu

ter’s

mem

ory.

Page 111: Introduction to Computer Systems

111

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ste

p 2:

The

Pow

er-O

n-S

elf-

Tes

t (P

OS

T)

PO

ST

(po

wer

-on-

self-

test

) –

A s

erie

s of

test

s co

nduc

ted

on th

e

com

pute

r’s m

ain

mem

ory

(ra

ndom

acc

ess

mem

ory

or R

AM

),

inpu

t/out

put d

evic

es, d

isk

driv

es, a

nd th

e ha

rd d

isk.

BIO

S c

ondu

cts

a P

owe

r-O

n-S

elf-

Tes

t (P

OS

T)

to c

heck

the

inpu

t/out

put s

yste

m fo

r op

erab

ility

.

The

com

pute

r w

ill p

rod

uce

a be

epin

g so

und

and

an

erro

r m

essa

ge

will

app

ear

on th

e m

onito

r if

any

prob

lem

s ar

e e

ncou

nter

ed.

Page 112: Introduction to Computer Systems

112

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ste

p 3:

The

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

m (

OS

) Lo

ads

BIO

S s

earc

hes

for

the

OS

.

Set

tings

in th

e C

MO

S�

com

plem

enta

ry m

etal

-oxi

de

sem

icon

duct

or�

dete

rmin

e w

here

to lo

ok

for

the

OS

.

The

ope

ratin

g sy

stem

’s k

erne

l is

load

ed in

to th

e co

mpu

ter’s

mem

ory.

The

OS

take

s co

ntro

l of t

he c

ompu

ter

and

beg

ins

load

ing

syst

em

conf

igur

atio

n in

form

atio

n.

Page 113: Introduction to Computer Systems

113

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ste

p 4:

Sys

tem

Con

figu

ratio

n

Reg

istr

y –

A d

atab

ase

that

sto

res

info

rmat

ion

abou

t

perip

hera

ls a

nd s

oftw

are

Dri

ver

– A

util

ity p

rogr

am th

at m

akes

per

iphe

ral d

evic

es

func

tion

prop

erly

The

sys

tem

is c

onfig

ured

from

the

oper

atin

g sy

stem

’s

regi

stry

.

Driv

ers

are

load

ed in

to m

emor

y.

Page 114: Introduction to Computer Systems

114

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ste

p 5:

Sys

tem

Util

ities

Loa

ds

Sys

tem

util

ities

are

loa

ded

into

mem

ory.

Vol

ume

cont

rol

Ant

iviru

s so

ftwar

e

PC

car

d un

plug

ging

util

ity

Page 115: Introduction to Computer Systems

115

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ste

p 6:

Use

rs A

uthe

ntic

atio

n

Aut

hent

icat

ion

or u

ser

logi

n oc

curs

.

Use

r na

me

Pas

swor

d

The

use

r in

terf

ace

star

ts, e

nabl

ing

user

inte

ract

ion

with

com

pute

r pr

ogra

ms.

Page 116: Introduction to Computer Systems

116

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

ms

(Typ

e of

os)

- E

volu

tion

Ser

ial p

roce

ssin

g

Her

e ea

ch jo

b is

pro

cess

ed o

ne a

fter

anot

her

seria

lly.

As

a jo

b ar

rives

it

is p

roce

ssed

com

plet

ely

bef

ore

pick

ing

up th

e ne

xt o

ne.

Page 117: Introduction to Computer Systems

117

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Bat

ch p

roce

ssin

g

Her

e jo

bs

with

si

mila

r re

quire

men

ts

are

batc

hed

toge

ther

and

run

thr

ough

the

com

pute

r as

a g

roup

.Thu

s a

batc

h op

erat

ing

syst

em

read

s a

stre

am

of

sepa

rate

jobs

,eac

h w

ith it

s ow

n co

ntro

l car

ds t

hat

pred

efin

e w

hat

the

job

does

,feed

the

bat

ches

one

afte

r an

othe

r an

d se

nd t

he

outp

ut o

f eac

h jo

b to

the

appr

opria

te d

estin

atio

n.

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

ms

(Typ

e of

os)

- E

volu

tion

Page 118: Introduction to Computer Systems

118

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mu

ltip

rog

ram

min

g

Her

e th

e O

S

keep

s se

vera

l jo

bs

in

mem

ory

at

a

time.

Whe

n a

job

is w

aitin

g fo

r an

I/O

ope

ratio

n in

its

cour

se

of e

xecu

tion,

the

CP

U i

s sw

itche

d to

ano

ther

job

and

the

proc

ess

cont

inue

s til

l th

e fir

st j

ob f

inis

hes

wa

iting

and

get

back

the

CP

U.T

hus

CP

U u

tiliz

atio

n is

max

imiz

ed i

n th

is

case

.

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

ms

(Typ

e of

os)

- E

volu

tion

Page 119: Introduction to Computer Systems

119

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

- M

ult

itas

kin

g :

Mul

titas

king

or

Tim

e sh

arin

g is

a l

ogic

al

exte

nsio

n of

mul

tipro

gra

mm

ing.

Mul

tiple

job

s ar

e ex

ecut

ed

by th

e C

PU

sw

itchi

ng b

etw

een

them

.

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

ms

(Typ

e of

os)

- E

volu

tion

Page 120: Introduction to Computer Systems

120

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mu

ltip

roce

ssin

g s

yste

m

In t

his

a co

mpu

ter

hard

war

e co

nfig

urat

ion

that

incl

udes

mor

e th

an

one

inde

pen

dent

pr

oces

sing

un

it.

The

te

rm

mul

tipro

cess

ing

is

gene

rally

us

ed

to

refe

r to

la

rge

com

pute

r ha

rdw

are

com

plex

es f

ound

in m

ajo

r sc

ient

ific

or

com

mer

cial

app

licat

ion

s.

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

ms

(Typ

e of

os)

- E

volu

tion

Page 121: Introduction to Computer Systems

121

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Net

wo

rked

co

mp

uti

ng

sys

tem

(N

etw

ork

Op

era

tin

g

Sys

tem

)

In t

his

a co

llect

ion

of p

hysi

cal i

nter

conn

ecte

d co

mpu

ters

.

The

op

erat

ing

syst

em

of

each

of

th

e in

terc

onne

cted

com

pute

rs m

ust

cont

ain

, in

add

ition

to

its o

wn

stan

d-

alon

e fu

nctio

nalit

y, p

rovi

sion

s fo

r ha

ndin

g co

mm

unic

atio

n

and

tran

sfer

of

pr

ogra

m

and

data

am

ong

th

e ot

her

com

pute

rs w

ith w

hich

it is

con

nect

ed.

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

ms

(Typ

e of

os)

- E

volu

tion

Page 122: Introduction to Computer Systems

122

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Ope

ratin

g S

yste

ms

- E

xam

ples

GU

I

�W

indo

ws

98

Win

dow

s C

E

Mu

lti-

use

r

�Li

nux

UN

IX

Win

dow

s 20

00

Mu

ltip

roce

ssin

g

�Li

nux

UN

IX

Win

dow

s 20

00

• M

ult

itas

kin

g

�U

NIX

W

indo

ws

200

0

• M

ult

ith

read

ing

is th

e ab

ility

of a

n o

per

atin

g s

yste

m to

exe

cute

the

diffe

rent

par

ts o

f the

pro

gram

, cal

led

thre

ads,

sim

ulta

neou

sly.

�Li

nux

UN

IX

Win

dow

s 20

00

• N

etw

ork

OS

�W

indo

ws

2000

N

ovel

l Net

war

e

Page 123: Introduction to Computer Systems

123

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

MS

-DO

S

WIN

DO

WS

XP

MA

C O

S

LIN

UX

UN

IX

Exp

lorin

g P

opul

ar O

pera

ting

Sys

tem

s: A

Gui

ded

Tou

r

Page 124: Introduction to Computer Systems

124

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

MS

-DO

S

Dev

elop

ed fo

r IB

M P

Cs

in 1

981

Use

s co

mm

and-

line

inte

rfac

e

Use

is d

imin

ishi

ng

Page 125: Introduction to Computer Systems

125

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Mic

roso

ft W

indo

ws

Clic

k to

vie

w e

ach

Win

dow

s ve

rsio

n (1

985-

2001

)

Win

dow

s 1.

0 (1

985)

Win

dow

s 2.

0 (1

987)

Win

dow

s 3.

x (1

990-

1992

)W

ind

ows

NT

(19

93)

Win

dow

s 95

(19

95)

Win

dow

s 98

(19

98)

Win

dow

s 20

00 (

2000

)W

ind

ows

ME

(20

00)

Win

dow

s X

P (

2001

)

Page 126: Introduction to Computer Systems

126

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Win

dow

s X

P

Rel

ease

d in

200

1 by

Mic

roso

ft

XP

is s

hort

for

“exp

erie

nce”

Use

s th

e sa

me

unde

rlyin

g co

de fo

r

all v

ersi

ons

Rep

lace

s al

l pre

viou

s ve

rsio

ns o

f

Win

dow

s

Thr

ee v

ersi

ons:

Win

dow

s X

P H

ome

Ed

ition

Win

dow

s X

P P

rofe

ssio

nal

Win

dow

s X

P S

erve

r

Page 127: Introduction to Computer Systems

127

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Win

dow

s N

T

Rel

ease

d in

199

3 by

Mic

roso

ft

Des

igne

d fo

r cl

ient

/ser

ver

syst

ems

Tw

o co

mpo

nent

s:

Win

dow

s N

T W

orks

tatio

n

Win

dow

s N

T S

erve

r

Orie

nted

to b

usin

ess

nee

ds

Offe

rs s

ecur

ity, r

emot

e

adm

inis

trat

ion,

dire

ctor

y

serv

ices

, and

a W

eb s

erv

er

Page 128: Introduction to Computer Systems

128

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Win

dow

s C

E

Rel

ease

d in

199

6 by

Mic

roso

ft

Sys

tem

use

d in

PD

As

or

palm

tops

Run

s si

mpl

ified

ver

sion

s of

Win

dow

s pr

ogra

ms

Dat

a ca

n be

tran

sfer

red

to P

Cs

Incl

udes

han

dwrit

ing

and

voic

e re

cogn

ition

Page 129: Introduction to Computer Systems

129

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

MA

C O

S

Cre

ated

in 1

984

Firs

t OS

to u

se g

raph

ical

user

inte

rfac

e

Eas

iest

ope

ratin

g sy

ste

m

for

begi

nner

s

A n

ew v

ersi

on, M

ac O

S X

,

was

rel

ease

d in

200

0

Page 130: Introduction to Computer Systems

130

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

UN

IX

Dev

elop

ed b

y A

T&

T in

197

0s

Incl

uded

firs

t pre

empt

ive

mul

titas

king

sys

tem

Dev

elop

ed c

once

pts

of fi

le

man

agem

ent a

nd p

ath

nam

es

Fac

ilita

tes

clie

nt/s

erve

r ne

twor

king

Wid

ely

used

by

corp

orat

ions

Page 131: Introduction to Computer Systems

131

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Linu

x

Dev

elop

ed in

199

1 by

UN

IX

Op

en-s

ou

rce

cod

e –

Ava

ilabl

e fo

r al

l to

see

and

use

Com

pete

s w

ith

Win

dow

s an

d M

AC

-OS

Pow

erfu

l and

free

Gro

win

g ac

cept

ance

Page 132: Introduction to Computer Systems

132

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Sys

tem

Util

ities

: Too

ls f

or H

ouse

keep

ing

Sys

tem

util

ities

are

pro

gram

s th

at h

elp

the

ope

ratin

g sy

stem

man

age

the

com

pute

r sy

stem

’s r

esou

rces

.

Typ

es o

f util

ities

:

Bac

kup

softw

are

Ant

iviru

s so

ftwar

e

Dis

k sc

anni

ng

Dis

k de

frag

men

tatio

n

File

man

agem

ent

File

-sea

rchi

ng s

oftw

are

File

com

pres

sion

Page 133: Introduction to Computer Systems

133

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Fir

mw

are

Firm

war

e S

oftw

are

embe

dded

in h

ardw

are

durin

g m

anuf

actu

re

Exa

mpl

esH

ome

appl

ianc

esIn

telli

gent

prin

ters

Page 134: Introduction to Computer Systems

134

ELTP

-CA

MP

US

EXC

ELLE

NT C

AM

PU

S P

LA

CE

ME

NTS

ELTP

-GR

OU

P

Tha

nk Y

ou!