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Introduction to Computer Science

Kun-Mao Chao ( 趙坤茂 )Department of Computer Science

and Information EngineeringNational Taiwan University,

Taiwan

E-mail: kmchao@csie.ntu.edu.tw

WWW: http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~kmchao

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Why is Bill Gates always smiling?

• Why is he always smiling?

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Chapter 1

Introduction

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Understand the concept of a black box, a data processor, and Understand the concept of a black box, a data processor, and a programmable data processor.a programmable data processor.

Define the Define the von Neumannvon Neumann model and name its components: model and name its components: memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and input/output.memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and input/output.

Understand the stored program concept.Understand the stored program concept.

After reading this chapter, the reader should After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:be able to:

OOBJECTIVESBJECTIVES

Understand the sequential execution of statements in a program.Understand the sequential execution of statements in a program.

Name the components of a computer: hardware, software, Name the components of a computer: hardware, software, and data. and data.

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THE COMPUTERTHE COMPUTERAS A BLOCK BOXAS A BLOCK BOXTHE COMPUTERTHE COMPUTERAS A BLOCK BOXAS A BLOCK BOX

1.11.1

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Figure 1-1

Data processor model

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Figure 1-2

Programmable data processor model

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Figure 1-3

Same program, different data

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Figure 1-4

Same data, different programs

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von NEUMANNvon NEUMANNMODELMODEL

von NEUMANNvon NEUMANNMODELMODEL

1.21.2

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von Neumann

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About John Louis von Neumann( 馮紐曼 有本科普書介紹這位超人 )

• John Louis von Neumann – Born 28 December 1903, Budapest, Hungary; – Died 8 February 1957, Washington DC; – Brilliant mathematician, synthesizer, and promoter

of the stored program concept, whose logical design of the IAS became the prototype of most of its successors - the von Neumann Architecture.

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Figure 1-5

von Neumann model

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von Neumann Model

• 四個主要部分– Memory ( 記憶體 )– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU, 運算及邏輯單元 )– Control Unit (CU, 控制單元 )– Input/Output (I/O, 輸出入 )

• 儲存程式概念 (stored program concept)

• 循序執行指令 (sequential execution of instructions)

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COMPUTERCOMPUTERHARDWAREHARDWARECOMPUTERCOMPUTERHARDWAREHARDWARE

1.31.3

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電腦 ( 計算機 , Computer)

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螢幕 (Monitor; Screen)

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滑鼠 (Mouse)

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鍵盤 (Keyboard)

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主機 (Computer housing; the computer case; the box)

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印表機 (Printer)

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筆記型電腦 (Notebook)

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無線網卡 (Wireless card)

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個人數位助理 (Personal Digital Assistant; PDA)

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數位相機 (Digital Camera)

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DATADATADATADATA

1.41.4

我們將在後續的幾章中介紹

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COMPUTERCOMPUTERSOFTWARESOFTWARECOMPUTERCOMPUTERSOFTWARESOFTWARE

1.51.5

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Figure 1-6Program and data in memory

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Figure 1-7

Program made of instructions

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HISTORYHISTORYHISTORYHISTORY

1.61.6

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最早的計算工具

• 算盤

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Pascaline

• 法國數學家 Blaise Pascal 於西元 1642 年所發明 , 是一種加法器

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Difference Engine

• Charles Babbage 　西元 1823 年所發明

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打孔卡排序工具

• Herman Hollerith 於 1890 年所發明

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ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

• 第一部將資訊電子化的特定功能電腦• John V. Atanasoff 和 Clifford Berry 於 1939

年所發明

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Turing Machine

• Alan Turing 在二次大戰時設計 , 破解了德國的 Enigma 密碼

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Alan Turing & Me

H.A. Newton E.H. Moore (1885 Yale Univ.) Oswald Veblen (1903 U. of Chicago) Alonzo Church (1927 Princeton) Bob Ritchie (1961 Princeton) Webb Miller (1968 Washington)

Kun-Mao Chao (1993 Penn State)

Alan Turing

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Turing Award

• Nobel prize in computer science• ACM's most prestigious technical award is

accompanied by a prize of $100,000. It is given to an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field. Financial support of the Turing Award is provided by the Intel Corporation.

• 西元 1966 年開始

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Turing Award

• 2002 Winners: Ronald L. Rivest,                          Adi Shamir,                          Leonard M. Adleman

• Donald Knuth 1974

• Steven Cook 1982

• Ken Thompson & Dannis Ritchie

• 姚期智院士在西元 2000 年時 , 獲頒 Turing Award

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RSA encryption --- 1978

Rivest Shamir Adleman

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RSA factorization challenges將一個由兩個大質數所乘出來的大數分解回來

e.g., 143 11 x 13

Challenge Number

Prize ($US) Challenge Number

Prize ($US)

RSA-576 $10,000 RSA-896 $75,000

RSA-640 $20,000 RSA-1024 $100,000

RSA-704 $30,000 RSA-1536 $150,000

RSA-768 $50,000 RSA-2048 $200,000

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US$10,000 –– RSA-576

• 1881988129206079638386972394616504398071635633794138270076335642298885971523466548531906060650474304531738801130339671619969232120573403187955065699621305168759307650257059

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US$200,000 –– RSA-2048

• 25195908475657893494027183240048398571429282126204032027777137836043662020707595556264018525880784406918290641249515082189298559149176184502808489120072844992687392807287776735971418347270261896375014971824691165077613379859095700097330459748808428401797429100642458691817195118746121515172654632282216869987549182422433637259085141865462043576798423387184774447920739934236584823824281198163815010674810451660377306056201619676256133844143603833904414952634432190114657544454178424020924616515723350778707749817125772467962926386356373289912154831438167899885040445364023527381951378636564391212010397122822120720357

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你 / 妳缺錢嗎 ?

www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/challenges/factoring/

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To be continued

• 下週我們會再繼續電腦發展史• 下週我們也會談資料表示法及數字表示法

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先想想看 , 讀讀看

• 從古至今的計算機發展史• 下次我們會給個和計算機發展史有關的作

業