Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as...
-
Upload
issac-tolhurst -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
1
Transcript of Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as...
![Page 1: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Computer Networks
![Page 2: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Networks
A A networknetwork is a set of devices (often referred to as is a set of devices (often referred to as nodesnodes) connected by communication ) connected by communication linkslinks. A node can . A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.nodes on the network.
Introduction to Computer Networks
By: Jigar M. Pandya
![Page 3: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Rules For CommunicationIntroduction to Computer Networks
Transmission should take place without error.
Transmission should be Less.
The cost of Transmission should be less.
The message should be safe and secure.
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 3
![Page 4: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
5 Components For Communication
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 4
![Page 5: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Data Flow Of MessagesIntroduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 5
![Page 6: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Applications of Networks
Resource SharingHardware (computing resources, disks, printers)Software (application software)
Information SharingEasy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)Search Capability (WWW)
CommunicationEmailMessage broadcast
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 6
![Page 7: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Network Topology
The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 7
![Page 8: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bus Topology
Commonly referred to as a linear bus, all the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable.
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 8
![Page 9: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Star & Tree TopologyThe star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs.
Larger networks use the extended star topology also called tree topology. When used with network devices that filter frames or packets, like bridges, switches, and routers, this topology significantly reduces the traffic on the wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host.
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 9
![Page 10: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ring TopologyA frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node wants to transmit data, it adds the data as well as the destination address to the frame.
The frame then continues around the ring until it finds the destination node, which takes the data out of the frame.
Single ring – All the devices on the network share a single cable
Dual ring – The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both directions.
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 10
![Page 11: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mesh Topology
The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance.
It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs and for mission critical networks like those used by banks and financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult.
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 11
![Page 12: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of Connection
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 12
![Page 13: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Network Components
Introduction to Computer Networks
Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software
Applications
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 13
![Page 14: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LAN, MAN & WAN
Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)
Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 14
![Page 15: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Applications
E-mailSearchable Data (Web Sites)E-CommerceNews GroupsInternet Telephony (VoIP)Video ConferencingChat GroupsInstant Messengers Internet Radio
Introduction to Computer Networks
Bu: Jigar M. Pandya 15
![Page 16: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Network Models
![Page 17: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Two Types Of Connections are there Connection Oriented service Connectionless service1. Connection Oriented Service.
Similar to the telephone system1. Establish Connection 2. Use Connection 3. Release connection.
2. Connectionless service. Same as postal service, each message has full add. Order may differ of delivery. Five primitives are used.1. Listen 2. Connect3. Receive4. Send5. Disconnect
![Page 18: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
LAYERED TASKSLAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of We use the concept of layerslayers in our daily life. As an in our daily life. As an example, let us consider two friends who communicate example, let us consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services friend would be complex if there were no services available from the post office. available from the post office.
![Page 19: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tasks involved in sending a letter
![Page 20: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
THE OSI MODELTHE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (Organization (ISOISO) is a multinational body dedicated to ) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection communications is the Open Systems Interconnection ((OSIOSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s. ) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
![Page 21: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ISO is the organization.OSI is the model.
![Page 22: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Seven layers of the OSI model
![Page 23: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
![Page 24: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements ofindividual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
![Page 25: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.
![Page 26: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2.26
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery
![Page 27: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Network layer
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
![Page 28: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.
![Page 29: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Session layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.
![Page 30: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.
![Page 31: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Presentation layer
• Data translation ,compression and encryption.• Encrypt data to hide it.• Compress data from last message to small no of
messages.
![Page 32: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Application layer
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
![Page 33: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Application layer
• Login password checking, file transfer are some of the application.
• Provide direct access to network device.• Interface between user and system.
Examples• File transfer• Emails• www
• Protocols• ftp, smtp, telnet….
![Page 34: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Summary of layers
![Page 35: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
QUESTIONS
1. What is Connection Oriented Service ?2. What Is Connection Less Service ?3. Example Of Connation Less ?4. Example Of Connection Oriented ?5. Full Form Of OSI 6. Full Form OF ISO7. What is OSI Model ?8. How many Layers are there in OSI Model ?9. Task Of Application layer ?10. Task Of Presentation layer ?11. Task Of Session layer ?12. Task Of Transport layer ?13. Task Of Network layer ?14. Task Of Data-link layer ?15. Task Of Physical layer ?
![Page 36: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TCP/IP ModelTCP/IP Model
The layers in the The layers in the TCP/IP MODEL TCP/IP MODEL do not exactly match do not exactly match those in the OSI model.those in the OSI model.
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: having four layers: host-to-networkhost-to-network, , internetinternet, , transporttransport, , and and applicationapplication. .
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physicalphysical, , data linkdata link, , networknetwork, , transporttransport, and , and applicationapplication..
![Page 37: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
TCP/IP ModelTCP/IP Model( Transmission control protocol / internet protocol )
The TCP/IP reference model.
![Page 38: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TCP/IP ModelTCP/IP Model
• IT Was earlier used by ARPA(Advanced Research Project Agency)
• Used to connect Military networks together.
• Basically work for the internet .
• TCP/IP offers a simple naming and addressing scheme.
• Info is carried in packets.
• IP is used to put message in Packet.
• Each packet has address of sender and receiver (IP Address)
• Divide large message in to small packets.
• It is not necessary for all packets to follow same route.
• HTTP helps it to Share HTML Doc with the help of WWW.
( Transmission control protocol / internet protocol )
![Page 39: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
TCP/IP Model LayersTCP/IP Model LayersHost – to – Network LayerHost – to – Network Layer
• Lowest Layer in model
• Combination of Physical and Data-link Layer.
• The host has to connect to the network using some protocol, so
it can send IP packets over it.
• Protocol may vary based on host or network.
![Page 40: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
TCP/IP Model LayersTCP/IP Model LayersInternet LayerInternet Layer
• It holds whole architecture together.
• The task is to insert packet into any network and make them
travel.
• The order of packets may differ ,the higher layer support it to
arrange packets.
• It Defines Packet format and protocol called IP.
• Routing of packets and congestion control are important issues.
• Almost same as the network layer in OSI model.
![Page 41: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
TCP/IP Model LayersTCP/IP Model LayersTransport LayerTransport Layer
• Same Function as Transport layer in OSI layer.
• It allows entities to converse with each other.
• The Protocols Used Are TCP & UDP.
• TCP is Connection Oriented Service, No Error ,Handles Flow
of control.
• UDP is Connection less service, Chances Of Error , Prompt
delivery is more important then accurate.
![Page 42: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
TCP/IP Model LayersTCP/IP Model LayersApplication LayerApplication Layer
• IT Doesn't Have Session or Presentation Layer.
• All upper level protocols are supported by This layer.
• Main task is to provide user interface.
• Provide services that can be used by other services.
• For Example .
• SMTP :- Mailing Service
• Telnet :- Remote Logon Service
• FTP :- File Transfer Service.
![Page 43: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
TCP/IP and OSI model
![Page 44: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
Concepts central to the OSI model• Services• Interfaces• Protocols
![Page 45: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
Why OSI did not take over the world• Bad timing• Bad technology• Bad implementations• Bad politics
![Page 46: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
Problems In TCP / IP :• Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished• Not a general model• Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer• No mention of physical and data link layers• Minor protocols deeply embedded, hard to
replace
![Page 47: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Hybrid Model
![Page 50: Introduction to Computer Networks. Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c22375503469e4f8b5bde/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Addressing - whom am I going to talk to? i.e., how do we identify
senders and receivers?
• Rules for data transfer: Simplex ,half-duplex and full duplex
• Error control: This is all about communicating along imperfect
channels and error correction in such cases.
• Large messages: Procedures for disassembling, transmitting and
reassembling.
Design Issues For Layers