Introduction To Communities
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Transcript of Introduction To Communities
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Introduction To Communities
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Communities
• It is rare in the environment that a species will exist in a population
• Normally there are other living factors that are in the environment
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Communities
• Remember that communities are all of the collective organisms in a given area
• Understanding how these organisms interact with each other can drastically affect the way that each organism survives
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Communities
• There are 6 basic interactions between different organisms in a population – Predation– Herbivory– Competition– Mutualism– Commensalism– Parasitism
Name Effect On Species #1
Effect On Species #2
Predation + -
Herbivory + -
Competition - -
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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Predation
• Now it is time to explore the relationships between organisms
• One way that a community can interact is through predation and herbivory
• In predation, one species will eat all or some of another species
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Predation
• Most people often think that predators are animals that eat other animals
• However, predators can be herbivores
• Herbivores eat other organisms and should therefore be considered predators
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Predation
• Any organism that is eaten is considered prey
• Prey organisms often spend a large amount of their life trying to avoid predation
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Predator Adaptations
• Predators that happen to be the best suited to find and consume their prey are the ones that survive
• Rattlesnakes are animals that have an excellent set of adaptive advantages that influence prey
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Predator Adaptations• Rattlesnakes have an
excellent sense of smell which they use to find their prey
• Rattlesnakes also have a very strong venom that can be injected into prey animals
• The jaw of the rattlesnakes can unhinge in order to eat large prey
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Predator Adaptations
• A humming bird is a well adapted predator
• A humming bird consumes the nectar of plants
• It can beat its wings 10 to 15 times a second
• It can also hover in mid air to drink nectar from flowers
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Videos
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3mTPEuFcWk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiJln5f1Mus
• http://animal.discovery.com/videos/fooled-by-nature-hammerhead-shark-hunting-methods.html
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Adaptations in Animal Prey
• Prey animals may do one of many things when a predator approaches
• There goal is to not be eaten
• They will use what ever natural abilities they have in order to survive
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Adaptations in Animal Prey
• Some animals run and hide as fast as they can
• These animals are built for speed and agility
• As long as the prey animal is faster or more agile then the predator they should be able to survive
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Adaptations in Animal Prey• Some animals have false
markings or spots that will confuse a predator
• The predator might get confused when there is a large group of an animal and not be able to pick out one
• Sometimes the markings resemble extra eyes or heads so the predator does not know where the animal is facing
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Adaptations in Animal Prey
• Some animals hide in plain sight
• These animals often try to resemble an object that is inedible
• They display a form of camouflage that makes them look like their surroundings
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Adaptations in Animal Prey
• Some animals have chemical defenses
• These defenses can taste or smell terrible or can be deadly
• These organisms often have distinct markings and bright colors that let predators know they have chemical defenses
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Adaptations in Animal Prey• The final strategy is the
mimic a much more deadly animal
• Mimicry is when the prey animal will mimic the look of an animal that can defend itself from predators
• When a predator sees the animal it will not want to attack it
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Adaptations in Animal Prey
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfENSyycPQ4
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Adaptations in Plant Prey
• Plant prey organisms have to defend themselves differently
• Plant prey organisms cannot run from their predators so they normally have different defenses
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Adaptations in Plant Prey
• Some plants develop physical defenses
• These defenses are normally spines, needles, thorns or sticky leaves
• These prevent animals from eating them or attempting to get too close to them
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Adaptations in Plant Prey
• Plants have also developed a variety of chemical defenses
• These can be a poisonous sap, bad taste or irritating rash
• These plants are often avoided by predators because of the side effects of eating them
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Adaptations in Plant Prey
• http://www.howcast.com/videos/22122-How-To-Recognize-and-Avoid-Poison-Ivy
• http://www.metacafe.com/watch/3129772/mighty_milkweeds/
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Competition
• Competition may be a good thing on a soccer field
• Generally it brings out the best in two organisms that are competing for a starting spot
• However it works quite differently in the wild
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Competition
• Interspecific competition is when two different species compete for the same limited resource
• Since resources are limited two different species will compete for the resources
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84bBzAxLXFY
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Competition
• Lions and Hyenas often will compete for the same prey
• Because there are a limited amount of Wildebeests and Zebras Lions and Hyenas will compete over who gets to eat them
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Competitive Exclusion• Competitive exclusion is
when one species uses a limited resource much more effectively than another species
• When this happens, the one species that uses the limited resources more effectively will survive and prosper
• The species that does not use the resource as effectively will have drastically lower numbers and my even die out
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Competitive Exclusion• We can see competitive
exclusion If we put two different type of bacteria in a test tube that share the same niche
• After a small amount of time we will see one bacteria have a much higher population
• The other bacteria will have a much lower population and will possibly be extinct
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Niche Size
• A niche is an organisms role in its environment
• Many different types of organisms can fill different roles in the environment basted on what they do, where they live and when they are active
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Niche Size
• An organism’s niche can be broken up into more manageable chunks
• A fundamental niche is the complete range of environments that an organism can live in
• A realized niche is the part of the niche that the species generally use
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Character Displacement
• It is better for predators to be different from one another
• If they share too much of the same niche, the predators have a chance of being out competed through competitive exclusion
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Character Displacement
• The finches that live on the Galapagos Islands are an excellent example
• They are all Finches but they all have different beaks they help them do different things
• They do not share the same realized niche
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Character Displacement
• The less similarities among a community, the less chance that a species will die out
• The process of predators changing over a period of time is called character displacement
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Resource Partitioning• Some predators are in the
same area and competing for the same food
• When they compete for the same food, it is important to consider where the resources are being used
• The differences in location between where predators hunt for a similar resources is called resource partitioning
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Resource Partitioning
• The actual separation of the species makes a more defined realized niche
• All of these species are eating a particular type of bug out of a particular tree
• However, they are hunting in a different area
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Symbiosis
• When groupings of organisms are in a close proximity for a long time they can develop relationships
• Symbiosis is a long term relationship between two different species
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Symbiosis
• There are three different types of symbiosis
• There are– Parasitism– Mutualism– Commensalism
• These three describe what happens when organisms are develop a close relationship
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Symbiosis
• Remember that all three of these share some basic qualities, however they all affect different species in different ways
• These different interactions can be good or bad for the species involved
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Parasitism• Not all relationships are
beneficial to all parties involved
• Sometimes there are two organisms in a relationship where only one gains a benefit and one is harmed
• Parasitism is when one organism (host) is harmed and one organism (parasite) gains a benefit without immediately killing the host
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Parasitism
• Parasites can attack a host in a variety of ways
• When parasites attempt to harm another organism from the outside of the body they are called ectoparasites
• Good examples of this are fleas, leeches, aphids and ticks
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Parasitism• Parasites that live inside
of the host are called endoparasites
• These parasites live inside of their host in the various organs of the body
• Examples of this are heartworms, disease causing protists and tapeworms
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Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy0RuWApYO0
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Mutualism
• Not all close relationships are negative
• When both organisms gain some sort of benefit out of a relationship it is called mutualism
• This beneficial relationship is seen many places in nature
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Mutualism• Probably the most
important mutualistic relationship on Earth is between bees and flowers
• Flowers provide food for bees in the form of nectar or pollen
• Bees carry the reproductive materials for the flower from plant to plant
• This allows them to reproduce
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Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm2qdxVVRm4
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Commensalism• Sometimes some organisms
have an affect on another organism without a benefit to themselves
• Commensalism is when one organism benefits and one organism has not affected
• Scavengers are good examples of organisms that have commensalism relationships
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Commensalism• A good example of this is
water buffalo and cattle egrets
• When water buffalo move around as a herd they often scare many bugs, small mammals and small lizards
• The cattle egrets follow the buffalo and eat the small animals they scare
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Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrE05fvMx_o
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Types of Organisms• Most plants create glucose
from the sun in a process called photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis makes up the largest part of the food web because there are many more producers than consumers in any food web
• There are rare food webs where photosynthesis does not make up the production level of the food web
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Types of Organisms
• There are a very wide variety of organisms that are consumers
• As small as a bacteria and as large as a whale
• All consumers are heterotrophs
• Less predominant than producers
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Types of Organisms
• Dead plant material, fecal wastes and dead animal bodies make up a large amount of energy
• That energy can be used by Detritus Feeders
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Types of Organisms
• Decomposers are a particularly important group of detritus feeders
• Decomposers are animals that “rot” dead organic matter– Bacteria and fungi make
up this group
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Trophic Relationships
• All food levels on the trophic levels are interconnected
• The different levels in the food web are called trophic levels
• Trophic refers to food or feeding
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Trophic Relationships• In a food web there are
normally no more than three or four levels
• This is because there are different levels in biomass
• Biomass is a measurement of the weight of all the organisms at a particular step in the food web
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Trophic Relationships• The amount of biomass can
often be represented by a trophic pyramid
• This is a visual representation of the amount of biomass in a system
• Only ~10% of the biomass (or energy) in a level of the biomass pyramid is transferred to the next level
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Trophic Relationships
• This is because much of the energy consumed from an organism cannot be absorbed
• Out of the energy that is absorbed, around two thirds of it is used in cellular respiration
• The remaining energy is used for growth, reproduction and production
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Trophic Pyramid