INTRODUCTION TO CELLS, TISSUES, AND … – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unit...
Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO CELLS, TISSUES, AND … – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unit...
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INTRODUCTION TO CELLS, TISSUES, AND MICROSCOPY
Part 2
VIBS 289
Larry Johnson
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OBJECTIVES
1. PREVIEW CELLULAR ULTRASTRUCTURE
2. PREVIEW CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS
3. OVERVIEW OF LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
4. PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS - TYPES OF VISIONS
5. ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE CELL AND ORGANELLES
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ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unit e.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels
Introduction to HISTOLOGY
TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general function and texture (texture = tissue)
e.g., muscle, nerve
CELL – Smallest unit of protoplasm
Simplest animals consist of a single cell.
ORGAN SYSTEM - Several organs
e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
PROTOPLASM – Living Substance
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cell
tissue
organ system
organ
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FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN THE BODY
-----------------------------------------------
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
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• FUNCTIONS:
COVER ORGANS, LINE VISCERA AND BLOOD VESSELS, SECRETORY CELLS OF GLANDS
Epithelium
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• FUNCTION: THE HISTOLOGICAL GLUE WHICH BINDS THE OTHER TISSUES TOGETHER TO FORM ORGANS, SPECIALIZATIONS INCLUDE BLOOD, CARTILAGE, AND BONE.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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BLOOD CELLS (CLASSIFIED AS CONNECTIVE TISSUE)
RED CELLS carry oxygen and carbon dioxide biconcave disks
WHITE CELLS defense against invaders granules and lobed or indented nuclei
PLATELETS blood clotting anucleate
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Gunther von Hagens’
Body Worlds
Fat
Muscle
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• FUNCTION: GENERATION OF CONTRACTILE FORCE
MUSCLE
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Gunther von Hagens’
Body Worlds
Smooth muscle
NERVOUS
TISSUE
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NERVOUS TISSUE
FUNCTIONS: SPECIALIZED FOR THE TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION, AND INTEGRATION OF ELECTRICAL
IMPULSES
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Gunther von Hagens’
Body Worlds
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EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
Epithelium
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Connective
tissue
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
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EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
Muscular
tissue
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EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
NERVOUS
TISSUE
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Let’s enjoy some images
192 Eye http://viewer.serenusview.com/Viewer.aspx?SlideId=54223cf4-223f-4367-85f7-f611d735feef
242 Esophagus and trachea, monkey http://viewer.serenusview.com/Viewer.aspx?SlideId=ae5864df-d2ae-4fc4-814b-8e5e9956c39f
220 Fetal finger http://viewer.serenusview.com/Viewer.aspx?SlideId=ec150f61-6449-43c0-8a4b-a07c110d2573
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• FUNCTIONS: RESPONSIBLE FOR THE “IMMUNE RESPONSE” TO FOREIGN INVADERS WHICH IS MEDIATED BY EITHER ANTIBODY PRODUCED BY THE CELLS OR BY THE CELLS THEMSELVES
LYMPHOID TISSUE
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BLOOD VESSELS not one of the four tissues
HISTOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION:
All vessels are lined with endothelium
ARTERY – THICK WALL COMPOSED OF SMOOTH MUSCLE PLUS SOME CONNECTIVE TISSUE CAPILLARY – NARROW TUBE LINED WITH A SINGLE ENDOTHELIAL CELL
VEIN – LARGE LUMEN RELATIVE TO THICKNESS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND SMOOTH MUSCLE WALL
LYMPHATIC – SMALL THIN WALLED VESSELS WHICH CARRY LYMPH
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196 Human spermatic cord
• http://viewer.serenusview.com/Viewer.aspx?SlideId=652c6183-a5df-4790-b78f-e3f56eef3145
http://viewer.serenusview.com/Viewer.aspx?SlideId=8f70a9e4-ad7b-4542-830d-11beb6596ebf
126 Vein and bile duct
272 Human uterus
http://viewer.serenusview.com/Viewer.aspx?SlideId=a4e2a33a-6005-4831-aeb7-9e85dc8e204e
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MAGNIFICATION VS. RESOLUTION
1. MAGNIFICATION - INCREASE IN IMAGE SIZE
2. RESOLUTION - SMALLEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS THAT CAN BE SEEN (DISTINGUISHED)
CALCULATED BY
0.61 (WAVELENGTH)/NUMERICAL APERTURE
0.25 um FOR LIGHT MICROSCOPE
0.1 nm FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
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SAMPLE PREPARATION 1. FIXATION
2. EMBEDDING
A. PARAFFIN
B. PLASTIC
3. SECTIONING
A. 0.5 um FOR LIGHT MICROSCOPY
B. 60-80 NM FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
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STAINING 1. LIGHT MICROSCOPY
A. HEMATOXYLIN AND
EOSIN (H&E)
B. PERIODIC ACID/SHIFF (PAS)
C. TOLUIDINE BLUE
2. ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
(TEM)
A. OSMIUM
B. LEAD CITRATE
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STAINING 1. LIGHT MICROSCOPY
A. HEMATOXYLIN AND
EOSIN (H&E)
B. PERIODIC ACID/SHIFF (PAS)
C. TOLUIDINE BLUE
Color provides clues
Shape
Size
Intensity of staining
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STAINING 1. LIGHT MICROSCOPY
A. HEMATOXYLIN AND
EOSIN (H&E)
B. PERIODIC ACID/SHIFF (PAS)
C. TOLUIDINE BLUE
2. ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
(TEM)
A. OSMIUM
B. LEAD CITRATE
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Fundic stomach (H&E)
145
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Fundic stomach, monkey (PAS)
243
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Surface mucus cells of Fundic stomach, rabbit (toluidine blue)
244
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BRIGHT FIELD
PHASE CONTRAST
NOMARSKI
differential interference
contrast
DARK FIELD
Dead stained cells
Live unstained cells
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OTHER LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE PROCEDURES
• IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
• AUTORADIOGRAPHY
• IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION
• FREEZE FRACTURE
– (MEMBRANE ANALYSIS)
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AUTORADIOGRAPHY
self radioactive
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Typical TEM
Carbon replica TEM
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• Cells in cork
• walled boxes that are similar to tiny rooms, or cellula, occupied by monks = "cell.“
Cells
in a
plant
How Did Cells Get Its Name?
Cell
in an
animal
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Cell Size
Cell
Light Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
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Cells Contain Organelles
Organelles in cells are like organs
in animal/human bodies
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Cells Contain Organelles
Cell membrane
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Cells Contain Organelles
Cell membrane
Marks limit of cells/environment
Marks limit of cells/environment
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Cells Contain Organelles
Nucleus Archive of cell’s DNA
Archive of cell’s DNA
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Cells Contain Organelles
Mitochondria
Produces ATP (cell energy)
Produces ATP (cell energy)
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Cells Contain Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum Produces proteins and hormones and detoxifies
Produces proteins and hormones and detoxifies
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Cells Contain Organelles
Golgi Apparatus Modifies (adds sugar to) and packages proteins
Modifies (adds sugar to) and packages proteins
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Animal Cell
Plant Cell
internet source
internet source
https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+animal+cells&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS549US549&espv=2&biw=1253&bih=864&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=7M9oVMzWMoKryASEoYDQCg&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&dpr=0.75#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=nrxsX86Ul3uqDM%253A%3B0AA4-OVGz6_DEM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.animalcute.net%252Fwp-content%252Fuploads%252F2012%252F04%252FAnimal-Vs-Plant-Cell1.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Ftoplowridersites.com%252Fplant-cells-vs-animal-cells-plants-and-animals-are%252F%3B704%3B438
http://www.hart.k12.ca.us/lamesa/staff/teams/8th/brainiacs/jpaul/images/animalCalive.jpg
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• Double layer of phospholipids
• controls the flow of water
• marks outer limit of cell • separates cell from
environment
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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Animal Cell
Plant Cell
• Has a double membrane • Holds DNA
• Involved in cell division • Involved in directing protein production by ribosomes
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Animal Cell Plant Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
eukaryotic cell has a nucleus
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Animal Cell
Plant Cell
• Make energy for the cell • Can be different shapes • Has a double membrane
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Animal Cell Plant Cell
Has a double membrane
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• Membrane bound sac • Intracellular digestion • Release of cellular waste • Generally small in animal cells
Animal Cell
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Small Vacuoles
Electron Microscope Image of a Pancreatic Cell
Animal Cell
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Animal Cell
• Part of cytoskeleton of the cell • Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules • Groups of three microtubles • Involved in cell division
• Plants do not have centrioles
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Centriole
Electron Microscope Image of a Animal Cell
Animal Cell
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• Contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion • In white blood cells, these lysozymes digest bacteria • Cause cell death if improperly released into cytoplasm
Animal Cell
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Electron Microscope Image of a Nerve
Lysosome
Animal Cell
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Electron Microscope Image of a Nerve
Lysosome
Animal Cell
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CELL COMPOSITION
THREE MAJOR CLASSES OF
CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURE
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1. MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES - COMMON STRUCTURES, METABOLIC FUNCTION, CELL MEMBRANE, RER, SER, GOLGI, MITOCHONDRIA, LYSOSOMES
2. NON-MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES – CYTOSKELETAL COMPONENTS, MICROTUBULES, MICROFILAMENTS, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS, FREE RIBOSOMES
3. INCLUSIONS - EXPENDABLES a. NUTRIENT e.g., GLYCOGEN, LIPID
b. PIGMENT e.g., MELANIN GRANULES
c. SECRETORY GRANULE e.g., ZYMOGEN GRANULE OF PANCREAS
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In summary
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Castle Rock Big Bend National Park TX
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The end of