INTRODUCTION TO CELLS. History of the Cell ________________ _____________________, 1674...
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Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO CELLS. History of the Cell ________________ _____________________, 1674...
INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
History of the Cell
________________
_____________________, 1674
_______________, 1838
______________,
1839
_______________, 1855
_______________, 1931
Robert Hooke
naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect....(July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)
In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of __________ as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right).
He was the first person to use the term “_________”.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723
In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple _____________ and observes cells and microorganisms.
He discovered ___________ in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa.
Matthias Schleiden
all plants are made of cells
Cell Theory
_____________
Theodore Schwann
all animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow
all cells came from pre-existing cells
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
• _________________________________________• _________________________________________• _________________________________________
Matthias Schleiden
concluded that all plants are made of
cells (1838)
Theodore Schwann
concluded that all animals are made
of cells (1839)
Rudolf Virchowconcluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells
(1855)
Definition of Cell
_________________________________________________________________________________.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
Two Types of Cells
•________________________
•________________________
Cell TypesPROKARYOTE No nucleus No membrane-bound
organelles Most cells are 1 -10
μm in size Evolved 3.5 billion
years ago Found only in
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
EUKARYOTE Has nucleus Many organelles Cells can be between
2 - 1,000 μm in size Evolved 1.5 billion
years ago Includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms
__________________________________
Prokaryotic
Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures
_____________________________________________
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Cell Type: ProkaryotesProkaryotes, which includes all bacteria,
are the simplest cellular organisms. They have genetic material but no nucleus.
Typical bacteria cell
Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes ___________________________________
Plant Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
Cell Types: EukaryotesEukaryotic cells
contain a membrane-bound nucleus and numerous membrane -enclosed organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus) not found in prokaryotes.
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
What Are the Parts of Cells
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some things in common.
All cells have¤ cell membrane ¤ cytoplasm¤ ribosomes¤ nuclear material
cytoplasmribosomesnuclear materialcell membrane
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______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
Parts of Cellscytoplasm: semi-liquid material that fills the cell
(p. 175)
nucleus: controls most cell processes, contains hereditary information (DNA)
chloroplast: capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy (food), (photosynthesis occurs here)
vacuole: sac-like structure that stores water, salts, foods, etc
ribosomes: manufacture proteinsmitochondria: convert chemical energy stored in food into ATP (cellular respiration occurs here)
cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell, protection and support
cell wall: outer layer in plant cells, support and protection
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Nucleus
LysosomeVacuole
Cell Wall
Cell Organelles
Animal Plant
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
____________________________________________________________________________
Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
_________________________________Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane_________________________________
Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow
material to enter and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
NUCLEUS (Chromosomes)
In nucleus Made of DNA _________________
___________________________________________________
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
Gel-like mixtureSurrounded by cell membrane________________________________
_________________________________
_______________________________
Mitochondria
______________________through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome ___________________
_________________________________________________________
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
_________________
___________________
___________________ Help plants maintain
shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chloroplast
Usually found in plant cells
Contains green chlorophyll
_________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Specialization
Cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks.
Photos from Biology, Prentice Hall
Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple to complex according to their level of cellular grouping.
____ ____ _____
_____
_____
______
The Levels of Organization
Level Function Example
What is the benefit of being made of all of these cells?
Nervous System
Brain
Nervous Tissue
Neuron
Levels of Organization