Introduction to Business Research

INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS RESEARCHINTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS RESEARCH

BUSINESS RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC AND ORGANIZED BUSINESS RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC AND ORGANIZED EFFORT TO INVESTIGATE A SPECIFIC PROBLEM EFFORT TO INVESTIGATE A SPECIFIC PROBLEM

ENCOUNTERED IN THE WORK SETTING, THAT NEEDS A ENCOUNTERED IN THE WORK SETTING, THAT NEEDS A SOLUTION.SOLUTION.

RESEARCH INVOLVES ACTIVITIES THAT ENABLE RESEARCH INVOLVES ACTIVITIES THAT ENABLE MANAGER TO KNOW HOW ORGANISATIONAL PROBLEMS MANAGER TO KNOW HOW ORGANISATIONAL PROBLEMS

CAN BE SOLVED OR MINIMIZEDCAN BE SOLVED OR MINIMIZED

INTRODUCTION TO BRINTRODUCTION TO BR

BR HAS TO BE CARRIED OUT:BR HAS TO BE CARRIED OUT: 1.SYSTEMATICALLY1.SYSTEMATICALLY 2.DILIGENTLY2.DILIGENTLY 3.CRITICALLY3.CRITICALLY 4.OBJECTIVELY4.OBJECTIVELY 5.LOGICALLY5.LOGICALLY

DEFINITION OF BUSINESS RESEARCHDEFINITION OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

BR AS AN ORGANIZED, SYSTEMATIC,DATA BASED, BR AS AN ORGANIZED, SYSTEMATIC,DATA BASED, CRITICAL ,OBJECTIVE,SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY OR CRITICAL ,OBJECTIVE,SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY OR INVESTIGATION INTO A SPECIFIC PROBLEM INVESTIGATION INTO A SPECIFIC PROBLEM UNDERTHE PURPOSE OF FINDING ANSWERS OR UNDERTHE PURPOSE OF FINDING ANSWERS OR SOLUTION TO IT.SOLUTION TO IT.

DATA THROUGH WHICH INFORMATION DATA THROUGH WHICH INFORMATION COLLECTED CAN BE QUALITATIVE (GATERED COLLECTED CAN BE QUALITATIVE (GATERED THROUGH BROAD ANSWERS TO SPECIFIC THROUGH BROAD ANSWERS TO SPECIFIC QUESTION IN INTERVIEWS OR OBSERVATIONS AS QUESTION IN INTERVIEWS OR OBSERVATIONS AS WELL AS QUANTITATIVE(GATHERED THROUGH WELL AS QUANTITATIVE(GATHERED THROUGH STRUCTURED QUESTIONS)STRUCTURED QUESTIONS)

RESEARCH AND THE MANAGERSRESEARCH AND THE MANAGERS

MANAGER SHOULD HAVE THE CAPACITY MANAGER SHOULD HAVE THE CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND,PREDICT AND CONTROL TO UNDERSTAND,PREDICT AND CONTROL EVENTS THAT ARE DYSFUNCTIONAL TO EVENTS THAT ARE DYSFUNCTIONAL TO THE ORGANISATIONTHE ORGANISATION

FOR EXAMPLE ,A NEW PRODUCT FOR EXAMPLE ,A NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPED MAY NOT BE “TAKING OFF” DEVELOPED MAY NOT BE “TAKING OFF” OR A NEW FINANCIAL INVESTMENT MAY OR A NEW FINANCIAL INVESTMENT MAY NOT BE “PAYING OFF” AS ANTICIPATED. IN NOT BE “PAYING OFF” AS ANTICIPATED. IN SUCH CASE MANAGER HAS TO SUCH CASE MANAGER HAS TO UNDERSTAND THE DISTURBING CAUSES UNDERSTAND THE DISTURBING CAUSES AND IT SHOULD BE CONTROLLEDAND IT SHOULD BE CONTROLLED

RESEACH AND MANAGERSRESEACH AND MANAGERS

IN BUSINESS RESEACH IS USUALLY CONDUCTED IN BUSINESS RESEACH IS USUALLY CONDUCTED FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMATIC ISSUES IN FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMATIC ISSUES IN

ACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING FINANCEFINANCE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT MARKETINGMARKETING

RESEARCH AND MANAGERSRESEARCH AND MANAGERS

IN ACCOUNTING : IN ACCOUNTING : 1.BUDGET CONTROL SYSTEMS 1.BUDGET CONTROL SYSTEMS 2.INVENTORY COSTING METHOD2.INVENTORY COSTING METHOD 3.TAXATION METHOD3.TAXATION METHOD IN FINANCE:IN FINANCE: 1.OPERATIONS OF FI1.OPERATIONS OF FI 2.OPTIMUM FINANCIAL RATIOS2.OPTIMUM FINANCIAL RATIOS 3.MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS3.MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS

RESEARCH AND MANAGERSRESEARCH AND MANAGERS

IN MANAGEMENT:IN MANAGEMENT:1.EMPLOYEE ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOUR1.EMPLOYEE ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOUR2.HRM2.HRM3.STRATEGY FORMULATION3.STRATEGY FORMULATION IN MARKETING:IN MARKETING:1.ISSUES REGARDING PRODUCT IMAGE1.ISSUES REGARDING PRODUCT IMAGE2.ADVERTISING2.ADVERTISING3.SALES PROMOTION3.SALES PROMOTION

MAJOR TOPICS OF RESEARCH IN BUSINESSMAJOR TOPICS OF RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOUR SUCH AS EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOUR SUCH AS PERFORMANCE ABSENTEEISM AND PERFORMANCE ABSENTEEISM AND TURNOVERTURNOVER

EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES SUCH AS JOB EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES SUCH AS JOB SATISFACTION, LOYALTY AND SATISFACTION, LOYALTY AND ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENTORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT

SUPRVISORY PERFORMANCE, MANAGERIAL SUPRVISORY PERFORMANCE, MANAGERIAL LEADERSHIP STYLE, AND PERFORMANCE LEADERSHIP STYLE, AND PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMAPPRAISAL SYSTEM

EMPLOYEE SELECTION, RECRUITMENT, EMPLOYEE SELECTION, RECRUITMENT, TRAINING AND RETENTIONTRAINING AND RETENTION

VALIDATION OF PA SYSTEMVALIDATION OF PA SYSTEM HRM AND ORGANISATIONAL STRATEGYHRM AND ORGANISATIONAL STRATEGY

MAJOR TOPICS OF RESEARCH IN BUSINESMAJOR TOPICS OF RESEARCH IN BUSINES

STRAREGY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATIONSTRAREGY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION JUST-IN TIME SYSTEMS ,CONTINIOUS JUST-IN TIME SYSTEMS ,CONTINIOUS

IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES AND PRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES AND PRODUCTION EFFECTIVENESSEFFECTIVENESS

BRAND LOYALTY PRODUCT LIFE CYCKLE, AND BRAND LOYALTY PRODUCT LIFE CYCKLE, AND PRODUC INNOVATIONPRODUC INNOVATION

CONSUMER COMPLLAINTSCONSUMER COMPLLAINTS COST OF CAPITAL ,VALUATION OF FIRMS COST OF CAPITAL ,VALUATION OF FIRMS

DIVIDEND POLICIES AND INVESTMENT DECISIONSDIVIDEND POLICIES AND INVESTMENT DECISIONS RISK ASSESSMEN, EEXCHANGE RATE RISK ASSESSMEN, EEXCHANGE RATE

FLUCTUATIONS, AND FOREIGN INVESTMENTFLUCTUATIONS, AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT

MAJOR TOPICS OF BRMAJOR TOPICS OF BR

COLLECTION OF ACCOUNT RECEIVABLECOLLECTION OF ACCOUNT RECEIVABLE INSTALATION OF EFFECTIVE MISINSTALATION OF EFFECTIVE MIS ADVANCED MANUFATURING TECHNOLOGIES AND ADVANCED MANUFATURING TECHNOLOGIES AND

INFORMATION SYSTEMSINFORMATION SYSTEMS CULTURAL DIFFREENCES AND DYNAMICS OF CULTURAL DIFFREENCES AND DYNAMICS OF

MANAGING MULTINATIONAL FIRMSMANAGING MULTINATIONAL FIRMS DOWNSIZINGDOWNSIZING PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT AND PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT AND

PERFORMANCE EFFECTIVENESSPERFORMANCE EFFECTIVENESS INSTALLATION OF EFFECTIVE DATA WAREHOUSE INSTALLATION OF EFFECTIVE DATA WAREHOUSE

AND DATA MINING SYSTEM FOR THE AND DATA MINING SYSTEM FOR THE ORGANISATIONORGANISATION

NEED FOR BUSINESS RESEARCHNEED FOR BUSINESS RESEARCH

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCHOBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH::

TO GAIN FAMILIARITY WITH APHENOMENON TO GAIN FAMILIARITY WITH APHENOMENON OR TO ACHIEVE NEW INSIGHTS INTO IT OR TO ACHIEVE NEW INSIGHTS INTO IT (EXPLORATIVE OR FORMULATIVE RESEARCH (EXPLORATIVE OR FORMULATIVE RESEARCH ))

TO PORTRAY ACCURATELY THE TO PORTRAY ACCURATELY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF A PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL, SITUATION OR A INDIVIDUAL, SITUATION OR A GROUP(DESCRIPTIVE)GROUP(DESCRIPTIVE)

NEED FOR BRNEED FOR BR

TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH SOMETHING OCCURS OR WITH WHICH IT IS SOMETHING OCCURS OR WITH WHICH IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH SOMETHING ASSOCIATED WITH SOMETHING ELSE(DIAGSNOSTIC)ELSE(DIAGSNOSTIC)

TO TEST HYPOTHESIS OF A CASUAL TO TEST HYPOTHESIS OF A CASUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES(HYPOTHESIS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES(HYPOTHESIS TESTING RESEARCH)TESTING RESEARCH)


MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH:MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH:

DESIRE TO GET A ESEARCH DEGREE DESIRE TO GET A ESEARCH DEGREE DESIRE TO FACE THE CHALLENGE IN SOLVING DESIRE TO FACE THE CHALLENGE IN SOLVING

THE UNSOLVED PROBLEMSTHE UNSOLVED PROBLEMS DESIRE TO GET INTELLECTUAL JOY OF DOING DESIRE TO GET INTELLECTUAL JOY OF DOING

SOME CREATIVE WORKSOME CREATIVE WORK DESIRE BE OF SERVICE TO SOCIETYDESIRE BE OF SERVICE TO SOCIETY DESIRE TO GET RESPECTABILITYDESIRE TO GET RESPECTABILITY


SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH:SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH:

RESEARCH INCULCATES SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH INCULCATES SCIENTIFIC AND INDUCTIVE THINKING AND IT PROMOTES THE INDUCTIVE THINKING AND IT PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGICAL HABITS OF THINKING DEVELOPMENT OF LOGICAL HABITS OF THINKING AND ORGANISATIONAND ORGANISATION

1.THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN SEVERAL FIELDS OF 1.THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN SEVERAL FIELDS OF APPLIED ECONOMICS WHETHER RELATED TO APPLIED ECONOMICS WHETHER RELATED TO BUSINESS OR TO THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLEBUSINESS OR TO THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE

(EXAMPLE ;ECONOMIC POLICY)(EXAMPLE ;ECONOMIC POLICY)


RESEARCH PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR RESEARCH PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR NEARLY ALL GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN NEARLY ALL GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN OUR ECONOMIC SYSTEMOUR ECONOMIC SYSTEM

(EXAMPLE ; GOVT. BUDGETS REST IN PART (EXAMPLE ; GOVT. BUDGETS REST IN PART ON ANALYSIS OF NEEDS AND WANTS OF ON ANALYSIS OF NEEDS AND WANTS OF PEOPLE)PEOPLE)

RESEARCH HAS ITS SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE RESEARCH HAS ITS SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE IN SOLVING VARIOUS OPERATIONAL AND IN SOLVING VARIOUS OPERATIONAL AND PLANNING PROBLEMS OF BUSINESS AND PLANNING PROBLEMS OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRYINDUSTRY


(EXAMPLE; OPERATIONS RESEARCH AND (EXAMPLE; OPERATIONS RESEARCH AND MOTIVATIONAL RESEARCH- MOTIVATIONAL RESEARCH-

OROR REFERS TO THE MATHEMATICAL , LOGICAL REFERS TO THE MATHEMATICAL , LOGICAL AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE TO THE SOLUTION AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE TO THE SOLUTION OF BUSINESS PROBLEMS OF COST MINIMISATION OF BUSINESS PROBLEMS OF COST MINIMISATION OR PROFIT MAXIMISATION, OR PROFIT MAXIMISATION,

MR MR REFERS TO WHY PEOPLE BEHAVE AS THEY REFERS TO WHY PEOPLE BEHAVE AS THEY DO AS MAINLY CONCERNED WITH MARKET DO AS MAINLY CONCERNED WITH MARKET CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS


RESEARCH IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS STUDYING SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SCIENTISTS STUDYING SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND IN SEEKING ANSWERS TO VARIOUS SOCIAL AND IN SEEKING ANSWERS TO VARIOUS SOCIAL PROBLEMPROBLEM

TO THOSE STUDENTS WHO HAVE TO WRITE A TO THOSE STUDENTS WHO HAVE TO WRITE A MASTER’S OR Ph.D THESISMASTER’S OR Ph.D THESIS

TO PROFESSIONALS IN RESEARCH TO PROFESSIONALS IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY


TO PHILOSOPHERS AND THINKERSTO PHILOSOPHERS AND THINKERS

TO LITERARY PEOPLE, RESEARCH MAY MEAN THE TO LITERARY PEOPLE, RESEARCH MAY MEAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW STYLES AND CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW STYLES AND CREATIVE WORKWORK

TO ANALYST AND INELLECTUALS, RESEARCH MAY TO ANALYST AND INELLECTUALS, RESEARCH MAY MEAN THE GENERALISATION OF NEW THEORIESMEAN THE GENERALISATION OF NEW THEORIES

TYPES OF RESEARCHTYPES OF RESEARCH

1 &2. DESCRIPTIVE VS ANALYTICAL:1 &2. DESCRIPTIVE VS ANALYTICAL:

DRDR INCLUDES SURVEYS AND FACT FINDING INCLUDES SURVEYS AND FACT FINDING ENQUIRIES OF DIFFERENT KINDS ENQUIRIES OF DIFFERENT KINDS

PURPOSE: PURPOSE: DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF AFFAIRS AS DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF AFFAIRS AS

IT EXIST AT PRESENTIT EXIST AT PRESENT IN SOCIAL SCIENCE AND BUSINESS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE AND BUSINESS

RESEARCH OFTEN USE RESEARCH OFTEN USE EX POST FACTOEX POST FACTO RESEARCH.RESEARCH.

TYPES OF RESEARCHTYPES OF RESEARCH

EXREXR – THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS IS – THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS IS THAT RESEARCHER HAS NO CONTROL THAT RESEARCHER HAS NO CONTROL OVER THE VARIABLES;OVER THE VARIABLES;

HE CAN ONLY REPORT WHAT HAS HE CAN ONLY REPORT WHAT HAS HAPPENED OR WHAT IS HAPPENINGHAPPENED OR WHAT IS HAPPENING

EXAMPLE FREQUENCY OF SHOPPING, EXAMPLE FREQUENCY OF SHOPPING, PREFERENCES OF PEOPLE ETC PREFERENCES OF PEOPLE ETC

THE METHOD OF RESEARCH UTILISED THE METHOD OF RESEARCH UTILISED IS ,SURVEY METHOD OF ALL KINDS IS ,SURVEY METHOD OF ALL KINDS INCLUDING COMPARITIVE AND INCLUDING COMPARITIVE AND CORRELATIONAL METHODCORRELATIONAL METHOD

TYPES OF BRTYPES OF BR

AR AR - THE RESEARCHER HAS TO USE - THE RESEARCHER HAS TO USE FACTS OR INFORMATION ALREADY FACTS OR INFORMATION ALREADY AVAILABLE, AND ANALYSE THIS TO MAKE AVAILABLE, AND ANALYSE THIS TO MAKE CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE MATERIALCRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL

3&4. APPLIED VS FUNDAMENTAL : 3&4. APPLIED VS FUNDAMENTAL :

AR (AR (ACTIONACTION) ,FUNDAMENTAL( ) ,FUNDAMENTAL( BASIC OR BASIC OR PUREPURE) )

ARAR – AIMS AT FINDING A SOLUTION FOR – AIMS AT FINDING A SOLUTION FOR AN IMMEDIATE PROBLEM FACING A AN IMMEDIATE PROBLEM FACING A SOCIETY OR AN INDUSTRIAL OR BUSINESS SOCIETY OR AN INDUSTRIAL OR BUSINESS ORGANISATION.ORGANISATION.

TYBES OF BRTYBES OF BR

EXAMPLE :EXAMPLE : RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY SOCIAL, ECONOMIC RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY SOCIAL, ECONOMIC

OR POLITICAL TRENDS THAT MAY AFFECT A OR POLITICAL TRENDS THAT MAY AFFECT A PARTICULAR INSTITUTION OR MARKETING PARTICULAR INSTITUTION OR MARKETING RESEARCH OR EVALUATION RESEARCHRESEARCH OR EVALUATION RESEARCH

CENTRAL AIM IS TO DISCOVER SOLUTION CENTRAL AIM IS TO DISCOVER SOLUTION FOR SOME PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OR AIMED FOR SOME PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OR AIMED AT CERTAIN CONCLUSIONAT CERTAIN CONCLUSION

RESEARCH ON ECONOMIC CRISIS- APT RESEARCH ON ECONOMIC CRISIS- APT EXMPLEEXMPLE


FR-FR- MAINLY CONCERNED WITH MAINLY CONCERNED WITH GENERALISATIONS AND WITH THE FORMULATION GENERALISATIONS AND WITH THE FORMULATION OF A THEORY.OF A THEORY.

WHY IT IS PURE OR BASIC?WHY IT IS PURE OR BASIC?

““GATHERING KNOWLEDGE FOR KNOWLEDGE”GATHERING KNOWLEDGE FOR KNOWLEDGE”

EXAMPLES :EXAMPLES : RESEACH CONCERNING SOME NATURAL RESEACH CONCERNING SOME NATURAL

PHENOMENON OR RELATING TO PURE PHENOMENON OR RELATING TO PURE MATHEMATICS.MATHEMATICS.


RESEARCH STUDIES CONCERNING HUMAN RESEARCH STUDIES CONCERNING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR WITH A VIEW TO MAKE BEHAVIOUR WITH A VIEW TO MAKE GENERALISATIONS ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOR.GENERALISATIONS ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOR.

FINDING INFORMATION THAT HAS A BROAD BASE FINDING INFORMATION THAT HAS A BROAD BASE OF APPLICATIONS AND THUS ADDS TO THE OF APPLICATIONS AND THUS ADDS TO THE ALREADY EXISTING ORGANISED BODY OF ALREADY EXISTING ORGANISED BODY OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGESCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE


5&6. QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE5&6. QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE::

QT-QT- BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT OF BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY OR AMOUNT. IT IS APPLICABLE QUANTITY OR AMOUNT. IT IS APPLICABLE TO PHENOMENA THAT CAN BE EXPRESSED TO PHENOMENA THAT CAN BE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF QUANTITY.IN TERMS OF QUANTITY.

QL- QL- CONCERNED WHITH QUALITATIVE CONCERNED WHITH QUALITATIVE PHENOMENA RELATING TO OR INVOLVING PHENOMENA RELATING TO OR INVOLVING QUALITY OR KINDQUALITY OR KIND

ATTITUDE AND OPINION RESEARCH WHICH ATTITUDE AND OPINION RESEARCH WHICH IS DESIGNED TO FINDOUT HOW PEOPLE IS DESIGNED TO FINDOUT HOW PEOPLE FEEL OR WHAT THEY THINK ABOUT A FEEL OR WHAT THEY THINK ABOUT A PARTICULAR SUBJECT OR INSTITUTION IS PARTICULAR SUBJECT OR INSTITUTION IS QLRQLR


EXAMPLE :EXAMPLE : RESEARCH ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR - WE CAN DO A RESEARCH ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR - WE CAN DO A

‘ MOTIVATION RESEARCH’ AIMS AT DISCOVERING ‘ MOTIVATION RESEARCH’ AIMS AT DISCOVERING THE UNDERLYING MOTIVES AND DESIRES USING THE UNDERLYING MOTIVES AND DESIRES USING IN DEPTH INTERVIEWS FOR THE PURPOSE.IN DEPTH INTERVIEWS FOR THE PURPOSE.

OTHER TECHNIQUES ARE -WORD ASSOCIATION OTHER TECHNIQUES ARE -WORD ASSOCIATION TESTS, SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS,STORY TESTS, SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS,STORY COMPLETION TESTS ETCCOMPLETION TESTS ETC

QLR IS USED IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES- AND QLR IS USED IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES- AND THEIR BY WHEN DOING SUCH RESEARCH ONE THEIR BY WHEN DOING SUCH RESEARCH ONE SHOULD SEEK GUIDANCE FROM EXPERIMENTAL SHOULD SEEK GUIDANCE FROM EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTSPSYCHOLOGISTS


7&8.CONCEPTUAL VS EMPIRICAL : 7&8.CONCEPTUAL VS EMPIRICAL :

CR-CR- IS RELATED TO THE ABSTRACT IDEA(S) OR IS RELATED TO THE ABSTRACT IDEA(S) OR THEORY .THEORY .

IT IS GENERALLY USED BY PHILOSOPHERS AND IT IS GENERALLY USED BY PHILOSOPHERS AND THINKERS TO DEVELOP NEW CONCEPTS OR TO THINKERS TO DEVELOP NEW CONCEPTS OR TO REINTERPRET EXISTING ONESREINTERPRET EXISTING ONES

ER-ER- RELIES ON EXPERIENCE OR OBSERVATION RELIES ON EXPERIENCE OR OBSERVATION ALONE,OFTEN WITHOUT DUE REGARD FOR ALONE,OFTEN WITHOUT DUE REGARD FOR SYSTEM AND THEORYSYSTEM AND THEORY


IT IS DATA-BASED RESEARCH, COMING UP WITH IT IS DATA-BASED RESEARCH, COMING UP WITH CONCLUSIONS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF BEING CONCLUSIONS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF BEING VERIFIED BY OBSERVATION OR EXPERIMENT.VERIFIED BY OBSERVATION OR EXPERIMENT.

IT IS OTHERWISE KNOWN AS ‘IT IS OTHERWISE KNOWN AS ‘EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH’RESEARCH’

HERE THE RESEARCHER MUST FIRST PROVIDE HERE THE RESEARCHER MUST FIRST PROVIDE HIMSELF WITH WORKING HYPOTHESIS OR GUESS HIMSELF WITH WORKING HYPOTHESIS OR GUESS AS TO THE PROBABLE RESULTS .WHY?AS TO THE PROBABLE RESULTS .WHY?


THE RESEARCHER THEN WORK TO THE RESEARCHER THEN WORK TO ENOUGH FACTS TO PROVE OR DISPROVE ENOUGH FACTS TO PROVE OR DISPROVE HIS HYPOTHESISHIS HYPOTHESIS

ERER IS APPROPRIATE WHEN PROOF IS IS APPROPRIATE WHEN PROOF IS SOUGHT THAT CERTAIN VARIABLES SOUGHT THAT CERTAIN VARIABLES AFFECT OTHER VARIABLES IN SOMEWAYAFFECT OTHER VARIABLES IN SOMEWAY

9. SOME OTHER TYPES OF RESEAECH: 9. SOME OTHER TYPES OF RESEAECH: THESE ARE THE VARIATIONS OF ONE OR THESE ARE THE VARIATIONS OF ONE OR

MORE OF THE OTHER TYPE OF RESEARCH MORE OF THE OTHER TYPE OF RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF :ON THE BASIS OF :


PURPOSEPURPOSE TIMETIME ENVIRONMENT ETCENVIRONMENT ETC

FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF TIME ,EITHER FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF TIME ,EITHER

ONE-TIME RESEARCH OR –single time periodONE-TIME RESEARCH OR –single time period

LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH-over several time LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH-over several time periodperiod


IN THE FORMER CASE THE RESEARCH IS IN THE FORMER CASE THE RESEARCH IS CONFINED TO A SINGLE PERIODCONFINED TO A SINGLE PERIOD

WHERE AS IN THE LATER CASE RESEARCH IS WHERE AS IN THE LATER CASE RESEARCH IS CARRIED ON OVER SEVERAL TIME PERIODSCARRIED ON OVER SEVERAL TIME PERIODS

ON THE BASIS OF ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH CAN ON THE BASIS OF ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH CAN BE:BE:

FIELD-SETTING OR FIELD-SETTING OR (OBSERVATION ,INTERVIEW,QUESTIONNAIRE(OBSERVATION ,INTERVIEW,QUESTIONNAIRE))


LABORATORY OR(SMALL GROUP STUDY OF LABORATORY OR(SMALL GROUP STUDY OF RANDOM BEHAVIOUR ,PLAY AND ROLE RANDOM BEHAVIOUR ,PLAY AND ROLE ANALYSIS)ANALYSIS)

SIMULATION RESEARCH (USEFUL FOR SIMULATION RESEARCH (USEFUL FOR BUILDING MODELS FOR UNDRSTANDING BUILDING MODELS FOR UNDRSTANDING

FUTURE CONDITIONFUTURE CONDITION))


Clinical or diagnostic research-Clinical or diagnostic research- follow case follow case study or in depth approachesstudy or in depth approaches

Exploratory or formalized research-Exploratory or formalized research- EXEX- objective is to development of hypothesis - objective is to development of hypothesis

rather than their testing, rather than their testing, FRFR- is with substantial structure and with specific - is with substantial structure and with specific

hypothesis to be testedhypothesis to be tested Historical researchHistorical research –utilize historical sources –utilize historical sources

like documents, remainslike documents, remains


Conclusion oriented and decision Conclusion oriented and decision oriented-oriented-

CRCR-- Researcher is free to pick up a Researcher is free to pick up a

problem ,redesign the enquiry and is problem ,redesign the enquiry and is conceptualized according to his wishesconceptualized according to his wishes

DRDR- - IS ALWAYS FOR THE NEED OF A DECISION IS ALWAYS FOR THE NEED OF A DECISION

MAKER ,THE RSEARCHER IS NOT AT ALL MAKER ,THE RSEARCHER IS NOT AT ALL FREE TO EMBARK UPON RESEARCH FREE TO EMBARK UPON RESEARCH ACCORDING TO HIS OWN INCLINATIONACCORDING TO HIS OWN INCLINATION

METHODS VS METHODOLOGYMETHODS VS METHODOLOGY

R METHODSR METHODS –ALL THOSE METHODS –ALL THOSE METHODS /TECHNIQUES THAT AR USED TOFOR /TECHNIQUES THAT AR USED TOFOR CONDUCTION OF RESEARCH CONDUCTION OF RESEARCH

INSHORT IT IS THE METHOD USE IN PERFORMING INSHORT IT IS THE METHOD USE IN PERFORMING RESEARCH OPERATIONS.RESEARCH OPERATIONS.

R METHODOLOGY-R METHODOLOGY- THE WAY TO THE WAY TO SYSTEMATICALLY SOLVE THE BUSINESS PROBLEMSYSTEMATICALLY SOLVE THE BUSINESS PROBLEM

METHODS VS METHODOLOGYMETHODS VS METHODOLOGY

IN SHORT IN SHORT METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY INCLUDES- INCLUDES- NOT ONLY THE METHODS BUT ALSO NOT ONLY THE METHODS BUT ALSO

CONSIDER THE LOGIC BEHIND THE CONSIDER THE LOGIC BEHIND THE METHODS USING AND EXPLAIN WHY A METHODS USING AND EXPLAIN WHY A PARTICULAR METHOD IS USING ,SO IT PARTICULAR METHOD IS USING ,SO IT HELPS IN A SELF EVALUATION BY THE HELPS IN A SELF EVALUATION BY THE RSEARCHERRSEARCHER

EXAMPLE TECHIQUES SUCH AS MEAN, EXAMPLE TECHIQUES SUCH AS MEAN, MEDIAN OR THE SD OR CHI-SQUARE ETCMEDIAN OR THE SD OR CHI-SQUARE ETC

RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS

FF-CRITERIA FOR FF-CRITERIA FOR EVALUATIONEVALUATION

STEPS;STEPS;1.DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM1.DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM2.a).REVIEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES2.a).REVIEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES b). REVIEW PREVIOUS RESEARCH FINDINGSb). REVIEW PREVIOUS RESEARCH FINDINGS3.FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS3.FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS4.DESIGN RESEARCH (INCLUDING SAMPLE DESIGN)4.DESIGN RESEARCH (INCLUDING SAMPLE DESIGN)5.COLLECT DATA(EXECUTION) 5.COLLECT DATA(EXECUTION) 6.ANALYSE DATA (TEST HYPOTHESIS IF ANY) FB -56.ANALYSE DATA (TEST HYPOTHESIS IF ANY) FB -57. INTERPRET ANDREPORT FB-67. INTERPRET ANDREPORT FB-6 FB-CONTROLLING SUB FB-CONTROLLING SUB

SYSTEMSYSTEM

RPRP

1.FORMULATING THE RESEARCH 1.FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEMPROBLEM::

TWO TYPES OF PROBLEMTWO TYPES OF PROBLEM -RELATE TO THE NATURE-RELATE TO THE NATURE-RELATE TO THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN -RELATE TO THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN

VARIABLESVARIABLES RESEARCHER MUST IDENTIFY THE GENERAL RESEARCHER MUST IDENTIFY THE GENERAL

AREA OF HIS STUDY AREA OF HIS STUDY STEPS IN FORMULATING RPSTEPS IN FORMULATING RP::-UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM THROUGHLY-UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM THROUGHLY-CONVERTING THE SAME INTO MEANINGFUL -CONVERTING THE SAME INTO MEANINGFUL

TERMS IN AN ANALYTICAL POINT OF VIEWTERMS IN AN ANALYTICAL POINT OF VIEW

RPRP

THE BEST WAY TO UNDERSTAND PROBLEM IS THE BEST WAY TO UNDERSTAND PROBLEM IS TO DISCUSS WHITH COLLEAGUES OR WITH TO DISCUSS WHITH COLLEAGUES OR WITH EXPERTS.EXPERTS.

WHO SHOULD HELP?WHO SHOULD HELP? IN ACADEMIC INSTITUTION-GUIDEIN ACADEMIC INSTITUTION-GUIDE IN GOVT. AND PVT INSTITUTION –IN GOVT. AND PVT INSTITUTION –

ADMINISTATIVE AGENCIESADMINISTATIVE AGENCIES THE RESEARCHER MUST EXAMINE ALL THE THE RESEARCHER MUST EXAMINE ALL THE

AVAILABLE LITERATUREAVAILABLE LITERATURE

RPRP

THE PROBLEM TO BE INVESTIGATED MUST BE THE PROBLEM TO BE INVESTIGATED MUST BE DEFINED CLEARLY FOR RELEVENT DATA DEFINED CLEARLY FOR RELEVENT DATA DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION

FORMULATON OF PROBLEM SHOULD IN A FORMULATON OF PROBLEM SHOULD IN A SEQUENTIAL MANNER EACH PROBLEM SHOULD SEQUENTIAL MANNER EACH PROBLEM SHOULD BE FORMULATED IN SPECIFIC MANNER THAN THE BE FORMULATED IN SPECIFIC MANNER THAN THE PRECEDING ONE IN AN ANALYTICAL WAYPRECEDING ONE IN AN ANALYTICAL WAY

RPRP

2.EXTENSIVE LITERATURE SURVEY:2.EXTENSIVE LITERATURE SURVEY:

SUMMARY OF THE PROBLEMSUMMARY OF THE PROBLEM COMPULSORY FOR A Ph.D RESEARCH WORKER TO COMPULSORY FOR A Ph.D RESEARCH WORKER TO

WRITE A SYNOPSIS AND SUBMIT WRITE A SYNOPSIS AND SUBMIT RESEARCHER SHOULD UNDERTAKE EXTENSIVE RESEARCHER SHOULD UNDERTAKE EXTENSIVE

LITERATURE SURVEYLITERATURE SURVEY LS CAN BE DONE THROUGH ?LS CAN BE DONE THROUGH ?

RPRP

3. DEVELOPMENT OF WORKING 3. DEVELOPMENT OF WORKING HYPOTHESIS:HYPOTHESIS:

WHWH IS TENTATIVE ASSUMPTION MADE INORDER IS TENTATIVE ASSUMPTION MADE INORDER TO DRAW OUT AND TEST ITS LOGICAL OR TO DRAW OUT AND TEST ITS LOGICAL OR EMPIRICAL CONSEQUENCSEMPIRICAL CONSEQUENCS

HYHY. MUST BE VERY SPECIFIC AND LTD TO THE . MUST BE VERY SPECIFIC AND LTD TO THE PIECE OF RESEARCH IN HANDPIECE OF RESEARCH IN HAND

THE THE ROLE OF HY. ROLE OF HY. IS TO DELIMITING THE AREA IS TO DELIMITING THE AREA OF RESEARCH AND PUT THE RESEARCHER IN THE OF RESEARCH AND PUT THE RESEARCHER IN THE RIGHT TRACKRIGHT TRACK

RPRP

DEVELOPING WORKING HYPOTHESES ?DEVELOPING WORKING HYPOTHESES ?

DISCUSSIONS EXPERTS AND COLLEAGUESDISCUSSIONS EXPERTS AND COLLEAGUES EXAMINATION OF DATA AND RECORDS EXAMINATION OF DATA AND RECORDS REVIEW OF SIMILAR STUDIESREVIEW OF SIMILAR STUDIES EXPLORATORY PERSONAL INVESTIGATIONEXPLORATORY PERSONAL INVESTIGATION

RPRP

4.PREPARING THE RESEARCH DESIGN :4.PREPARING THE RESEARCH DESIGN :

THE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE WITHIN WHICH THE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE WITHIN WHICH RESEARCH WOULD BE CONDUCTEDRESEARCH WOULD BE CONDUCTED

RDRD CAN BE ACHIEVED MAINLY ON RESEARCH CAN BE ACHIEVED MAINLY ON RESEARCH PURPOSEPURPOSE

RPRP INCLUDES: 4 CATEGORIES INCLUDES: 4 CATEGORIES a. EXPLORATIONa. EXPLORATION b. DESCRIPTIONb. DESCRIPTION c. DIAGNOSISc. DIAGNOSIS D. EXPERIMENTATIOND. EXPERIMENTATION

RPRP

WHILE PREPARING A RD FOLLOWING SHOULD BE WHILE PREPARING A RD FOLLOWING SHOULD BE CONSIDERED:CONSIDERED:

MEANS OF OBTAINING INFORMATIONMEANS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION AVAILABILITY AND SKILLS OF THE RESEARCHER AVAILABILITY AND SKILLS OF THE RESEARCHER

AND STAFFAND STAFF SELECTED MEANS OF INFORMATION AND SELECTED MEANS OF INFORMATION AND

REASONING LEADING TO THE SELECTIONREASONING LEADING TO THE SELECTION TIME AVAILABLETIME AVAILABLE THE COST OR FINANCETHE COST OR FINANCE

RPRP

5. DETERMINING SAMPLE DESIGN:5. DETERMINING SAMPLE DESIGN:

POPULATION OR UNIVERSE- ALL ITEMS POPULATION OR UNIVERSE- ALL ITEMS STUDY BY SELECTING A SAMPLESTUDY BY SELECTING A SAMPLE

SDSD CAN BE DEFINED AS A DEFINITE PLAN CAN BE DEFINED AS A DEFINITE PLAN DETERMINED BEFORE ANY DATA ARE ACTUALLY DETERMINED BEFORE ANY DATA ARE ACTUALLY COLLECTED FOR OBTAINING A SAMPLE FROM A COLLECTED FOR OBTAINING A SAMPLE FROM A GIVEN POPULATIONGIVEN POPULATION

EG: 12 OF ACITY’S 200 DRUG STOREEG: 12 OF ACITY’S 200 DRUG STORE

RPRP

SAMPLES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO:SAMPLES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO:

a. a. PROBABILITYPROBABILITY b. NON PROBABILITYb. NON PROBABILITY

IN IN PSPS EACH ELEMENT HAS A KNOWN EACH ELEMENT HAS A KNOWN PROBABILITYPROBABILITY

IN IN NPSNPS DONOT ALLOW THE RESEARCHER TO DONOT ALLOW THE RESEARCHER TO DETERMINE THIS PROBABILITYDETERMINE THIS PROBABILITY

RPRP

PS INCLUDESPS INCLUDES::

#SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING#SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING #SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING#SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING #STRATIFIED SAMPLING#STRATIFIED SAMPLING # CLUSTER /AREA SAMPLING# CLUSTER /AREA SAMPLING

NPS INCLUDESNPS INCLUDES::

#CONVENIENCE /DELIBERATE SAMPLING#CONVENIENCE /DELIBERATE SAMPLING #QUOTA SAMPLING#QUOTA SAMPLING JUDGEMENT SAMPLINGJUDGEMENT SAMPLING

RPRP

DS DS – is also known as purposive or nps– is also known as purposive or nps Purposive or deliberate selection of samplesPurposive or deliberate selection of samples CSCS - When samples selected according to the - When samples selected according to the

ease of accessease of access The procedure will give a biased result as the The procedure will give a biased result as the

population is not homogeneouspopulation is not homogeneous JS-JS- the researcher’s judgment is considered for the researcher’s judgment is considered for

selecting samplesselecting samples E.g.: E.g.: jsjs of college student is taken to secure of college student is taken to secure

reactions of new method of teachingreactions of new method of teaching

RPRP

SRSSRS- known as chance sampling or ps where - known as chance sampling or ps where each and every item in the population has an each and every item in the population has an equal chance of being selectedequal chance of being selected

E.g.: selecting a sample of 300 items from a E.g.: selecting a sample of 300 items from a universe of 15000 items we can put a lot of universe of 15000 items we can put a lot of 15000 item and select 300 item15000 item and select 300 item

SSSS – useful when sampling frame is available – useful when sampling frame is available from a listfrom a list

E.g.: the selection of15th name on a list ,every E.g.: the selection of15th name on a list ,every 1010thth house on one side of a street etc house on one side of a street etc

An element of randomness is included in the An element of randomness is included in the beginningbeginning

RPRP

STRATIFIED SAMPLINGSTRATIFIED SAMPLING – IF THE POPULATON IS – IF THE POPULATON IS NOT HOMOGENEOUS THEN STRATIFIED SAMPLING NOT HOMOGENEOUS THEN STRATIFIED SAMPLING IS APPLIED FOR REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLEIS APPLIED FOR REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE

IN THIS POPULATION IS STRATIFIED INTO A NO.OF IN THIS POPULATION IS STRATIFIED INTO A NO.OF NON-OVERLAPPING SUBPOPULATION OR STRATA NON-OVERLAPPING SUBPOPULATION OR STRATA AND SAMPLE ITEMS ARE SELECTED FROM EACH AND SAMPLE ITEMS ARE SELECTED FROM EACH STRATUMSTRATUM

IF THE ITEM SELECTED FROM EACH STRATUM IS IF THE ITEM SELECTED FROM EACH STRATUM IS BASED ON SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING IS KNOWN BASED ON SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING IS KNOWN AS AS STRATIFIED RSSTRATIFIED RS

QUOTA SAMPLINGQUOTA SAMPLING

QSQS – – in stratified sampling the cost of taking RS from in stratified sampling the cost of taking RS from

individual strata is so expensive that interviewers individual strata is so expensive that interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from different are simply given quota to be filled from different strata, strata,

the actual selection of sample being left to the the actual selection of sample being left to the interviewer’s judgment interviewer’s judgment

The size of quota for each stratum is generally The size of quota for each stratum is generally proportionate to the size of stratum in the proportionate to the size of stratum in the populationpopulation

RPRP

CS AND AS- CS AND AS-

INCLUDES GROUPING THE population and then INCLUDES GROUPING THE population and then selecting the groups or the clusters rather than selecting the groups or the clusters rather than individual elements as sampleindividual elements as sample

E.g. department store wishes to sample its credit E.g. department store wishes to sample its credit card holders ,card issued to 15000 customers and card holders ,card issued to 15000 customers and sample size is 450. for CS 15000 is formed to sample size is 450. for CS 15000 is formed to 100 clusters of 150 and three clusters might 100 clusters of 150 and three clusters might selected randomlyselected randomly

RPRP

AS-AS- happens when geographical area is a big one happens when geographical area is a big one

divided into geographical clusters and all in these divided into geographical clusters and all in these small area selected as samplesmall area selected as sample

Sequential samplingSequential sampling – here ultimate size of the – here ultimate size of the sample is not fixed in advance this is according to sample is not fixed in advance this is according to mathematical decisions.mathematical decisions.

Usually adopted in statistical quality controlUsually adopted in statistical quality control

Introduction to Business Research

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